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nutr 207 > Module 7- Part 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Module 7- Part 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

This is the link for part 1, I made a quizlet for it

A

https://quizlet.com/_aqo3v2?x=1jqt&i=443okn
Password: vitamins

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of fat soluble vitamins

A

Dissolves in lipid, requires bile for absorption, are stored in tissues, may be toxic in excess

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3
Q

What is the precursor for vitamin A

A

Beta carotene

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4
Q

What is vitamin a important for

A

Reproduction, gene expression, vision, normal development of cells, bone growth and of the body etc

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5
Q

What are the different forms of vitamin A

A

Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid

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6
Q

How does beta carotene become vitamin A. Is all beta carotene converted into vitamin A

A

By being cleaved in its center. Not all beta carotene is converted to vitamin A and it’s absorption is not as efficient as vitamin A absorption

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7
Q

What are retinol, retinal and retinoic acid each responsible for
How can they be converted to different forms

A

Retinol: supports reproduction
Retinal: participates in vision
Retinoic acid: regulates growth ( regulates cell differenciation, growth, immunity

retinol and retinal can be converted into each other (reversible) but retinoic acid can only be made from retinal and is irreversible

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8
Q

What is retinals role in vision

A

When light is absorbed, retinal changes light from cis to trans which creates an electrical impulse that carries visual information to the brain through the optic nerve

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9
Q

What does retinal deficiency cause

A

Night blindness, where a person has a hard time adjusting to light

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10
Q

What are epithelial cells

A

Form skin on the outside of the body and form the mucous membrane on the inside of the body

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11
Q

Functions of retinoic acid

A
  1. Cell differenciation: controls gene expression to affect cellular differenciation
  2. Immunity: indirectly affects epithelial barrier and directly affects immune system
  3. Growth: cell division and bone remodelling
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12
Q

What does retinal combine with to form rhodopsin

A

Opsin

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13
Q

What are the consequences of vitamin A deficiency

A

Risk of infectious disease, night blindness and blindness and more severely death
Also, during deficiency, keratinisation can occur

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14
Q

Vitamin A toxicity

A

When vitamin A is free to damage cells,

Can have bone and birth defects

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15
Q

Vitamin A sources (carotenoids vs retinoids)

A

Retinoids come from animal sources (especially liver) and are then transformed to retinol in body, carotenoids come from plant sources and are transformed to retinal in the body

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16
Q

Since vitamin A deficiency is one of the most prevalent in the world, what are some suggestions to decrease these levels

A
  1. Eat more vitamin A rich food
  2. Shots every 6 months
  3. Fortify food supply
  4. GMO’s
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17
Q

What are the two subgroups of vitamin E

A

Tocopherols and tocotrienols. Only alpha tocopherol is maintained in the body

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18
Q

What food sources are vitamin E found in

A

Vegetable oils, nuts, eggs, wheat germ, whole grains

19
Q

What is the vitamin E function

A

Antioxydant, protects polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipids from oxidation as well as protects heart and lungs from oxidation

20
Q

Is a primary or secondary deficiency more common for vitamin E

A

Secondary deficiency from fat malabsorption

21
Q

What would happen during vitamin E deficiency

A

May interfere with blood clotting of vitamin K activity and cause hemorrhages

22
Q

What food sources is vitamin K abundant in

A

Green vegetables, liver and milk

23
Q

What are the forms of vitamin K

A

Phylloquinone with dietary fats

Manaquinone: synthesized by colonic bacteria

24
Q

What are the causes of primary and secondary deficiency of vitamin K

A

Primary: hemorrhage
Secondary: fat malabsorption

25
Q

Vitamin k functions

A

Synthesis of blood clotting proteins

Synthesis of bone protein that bind to minerals (osteocalcin)

26
Q

How does vitamin k participate in blood clotting

A

Activates prothrombin to form thrombin which combines with fibrinogen to form fibrin with forms clots

27
Q

What percentage of body weight does water represent

In which groups is this percentage the smallest

A

60%

In females, individuals with higher body fat and the elderly

28
Q

Functions of water

A

All body processes occurs with water

29
Q

What are the cellular fluids (intracellular, extra cellular, interstitial, intravascular

A

Intracellular: inside cell
Extra cellular: outside cell
Interstitial: surrounds cell
Intravascular: within blood vessels

30
Q

What is thirst controlled by

A

Mouth sensation, stomach and hypothalamus
Low water equals high blood concentration with increases thirst
High water equals distension of stomach which decreases thirst

31
Q

Do men need more water then females

A

Yes, men need 3.7L of fluids and woman need 2.7L

32
Q

What are the main water sources

A

Water, metabolism, food, beverages

33
Q

How much urine should be excreted every day

A

500 ml (2/3 intracellular and 1/3 extracellular)

34
Q

Who do water intakes increase for

A

Pregnant and lactating woman, illness, alcohol, heavy exercise, very young and elderly, medication etc

35
Q

What are the causes for dehydration

A

Diarrhea, vomiting, fever, unmanaged diabetes

36
Q

Signs of dehydration

A

Vary from thirst, fatigue to weakness to dizziness to spastic muscles, delirium, exhaustion and collapse

37
Q

What are electrolytes

A

Salts that dissolve in water and dissociate into charges ions

38
Q

In electrolyte balance, which electrolytes are outside vs inside the cell

A

Outside: sodium, chloride and calcium
Inside: potassium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate

39
Q

How is regulation of fluids and electrolyte balance maintained

A

Fluids maintain blood volume and pressure
Kidneys regulate water and sodium excreted ion to adjust blood and urine volume
Losses is sweating, bleeding, GI loss

40
Q

What is the oral rehydration therapy recipe

A

Sugar, salt and water

41
Q

What is the antidiuretic hormone and what is renine

A

ADH is the water conserving hormone signaled by hypothalamus
Renin: released by kidney cells when blood pressure is low and causes kidneys to reabsorb sodium and retain water

42
Q

How is acid base balance maintained

A

With fluids and electrolytes

Buffered by blood, kidneys and lungs

43
Q

How does buffering work

How is it controlled

A

By neutralizing acids and bases
Main buffers are bicarbonate, carbonic acids and proteins

Controlled by respiration in lungs (CO2) and excretion in kidneys (bicarbonate)

nutr 207 (20 decks)

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