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nutr 207 > Module 4 - Lipids part 2 > Flashcards

Module 4 - Lipids part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

true or false

oils can go rancid

A

true

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2
Q

describe extra virgin oil?

A

most natural versions from first press of olive - cold pressed

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3
Q

what is the smoke point of unrefined oils?

A

lower smoke points and can turn rancid.

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4
Q

what makes refined oil have a longer shelf life, and a high smoking point?

A

because they are thoroughly processed and heated

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5
Q

which oil is best used for low heat cooking or raw applications?

A

unrefined oil

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6
Q

what are the 3 lipases responsible for lipid digestion and which one is the main one?

A
  1. lingual lipase
  2. gastric lipase
  3. pancreatic lipase (main)
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7
Q

where does the digestion of fat occur?

A

in the small intestine

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8
Q

how does the pancreatic lipase break down the triglyceride?

A

the break down into 2 free fatty acids and a monoglyceride

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9
Q

is lipid digested in the mouth?

A

in infants yes, for adults just a little

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10
Q

why there is not a lot of lipid digestion in the stomach?

A

due to gastric lipase

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11
Q

why lipids is digested in the small intestine?

A

because of bile and pancreatic lipase

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12
Q

what is the trajectory of bile?

A
  1. in the liver bile is made from cholesterol
  2. in the gallbladder, bile is stored
  3. in the small intestine, bile emulsifies fats
  4. in the colon, bile that has been trapped by soluble fibers is excreted in feces
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13
Q

what is bile?

A

aqueous, alkaline, greenish-yellow liquid whose main function is to emulsify fats in the small intestine

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14
Q

bile is made of what?

A

bile acids, cholesterols, phospholipids, bile pigments, electrolytes and water

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15
Q

what are the 2 pigments found in bile?

A

bilirubin - orange/yellow and when oxidizes form biliverdin which is green

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16
Q

why our feces are brown?

A

because when bilirubin and biliverdin are mixed they are responsible for the brown color of feces

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17
Q

what are the actions of bile?

A
  1. fat from food mixes with bile containing digestive juices in the small intestine. Bile emulsifies fat particles (suspends in fluid)
  2. pancreatic lipase splits into smaller particles
  3. bile shuttles lipids across mucous to villi
  4. the bile ay be absorbed and reused or exit with the feces
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18
Q

what is chylomicrons?

A

a type of lipoprotein (triglycerides + protein) that travels in the lymph vessels of the bloodstream. they travel through large pores of lacteals. It is water-soluble

triglycerides- long-chain fatty acids and monoglycerides are reincorporated into triglycerides

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19
Q

what is a micelle?

A

bile salts envelop the fatty acids and monoglycerides to form micelles. They can travel through the watery environment due to the process of emulsion

20
Q

what type of transports does lipid uses?

A

diffusion, because the cell’s membrane is made up of hydrophobic phospholipids. Lipid-soluble nutrients can diffuse through the plasma membrane of the villi

21
Q

what are the diffusions of these fats?

  1. long-chain fatty acids
  2. monoacylglycerides
  3. short-chain fatty acids
  4. glycerol
A
  1. diffusion into intestinal cells, where they are combined with proteins to create chylomicrons
  2. diffusion into intestinal cells, where they are combined with proteins to create chylomicrons
  3. simple diffusion
  4. simple diffusion
22
Q

what are lipoproteins

A

transport fat, the body extracts what it needed from fats, unused fat remnants are picked up by liver, the liver dismantles the remnants to reuse their parts

23
Q

what are the types of lipoproteins

A

chylomicrons
very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
low density lipoproteins (LDL)
high density lipoproteins (HDL)

24
Q

what VLDL transport

A

triglycerides and other lipids made in the liver to the body cells

25
Q

what LDL transport?

A

transport cholesterol and other lipids to the tissues

26
Q

what HDL transport?

A

they are critical in the process of carrying cholesterol away from body cells to the liver for disposal

27
Q

Which lipoprotein is lower in density?

A

chylomicrons

28
Q

why VLDL transform in LDL

A

because when VLDL removes lipids it creates LDL

29
Q

why is LDL bad and HDL good

A

HDL : helps rid your body of excess cholesterol so it’s less likely to end up in the arteries

LDL: it is bad because it takes cholesterol to your arteries, where it may collect in artery walls. Too much cholesterol can lead to atherosclerosis

30
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of the artery

31
Q

what is thrombosis?

A

when the clot grows large enough to close off a blood vessel

32
Q

what is embolus?

A

a clot that can break loose- it will travel along the system until it reaches an artery that is too small

33
Q

what are a heart attack and a stroke?

A

heart attack: clots that lodge into an artery of the heart

stroke: clots that lodge in an artery of the brain

34
Q

what are some heart disease factors?

A

smoking, alcohol, infections, genetic, unhealthy food, obesity, sedentary, age and stress

35
Q

what are some dietary approaches to decrease heart problems?

A

omega 3, weight loss, exercise, moderate alcohol, fibre, carbs with low glycemic index, veg, fruits, plants sterol

36
Q

health Canada suggests what guidelines of cholesterol in blood?

A

less than 5.3 mmol/L
more than 6.2 mmol/L is high
for good cholesterol more than 0.9mmol/L
for bad cholesterol less than 3.5 mmol/L

37
Q

where does cholesterol come from?

A
  • liver makes from the diet

- it is also found in meat, eggs, fish, seafood, poultry

38
Q

do you get high cholesterol from eating too much cholesterol in food?

A

no, the amount of cholesterol you get from food usually has little impact on your blood cholesterol

39
Q

how can fibre lower cholesterol?

A

fiber bind to bile, which contains cholesterol, and fiber and bile are excreted in feces

40
Q

how to lower TG?

A
  • exercise regularly
  • avoid sugars and refined carbs
  • if you have excess fat in the abdominal area - try to lose weight and reduce your waist circumference
  • choose healthier fats
  • limit or avoid alcohol
41
Q

fat going into storage as..?

A

hydrolysis of TG

42
Q

what is lipoprotein liapase?

A

it hydrolyzes TG in bloodstream and directs the parts into the cells where can be metabolized for energy or reassembled into TG for storage

43
Q

what is hormone-sensitive lipase?

A

it is an enzyme inside fat cells that responds to hormones such as epinephrine and glucagon which indicate a need for fuel. It can produce energy

44
Q

how are body fat stores used for energy?

A
  • during increased demand through long lasting and lower intensity exercise
  • during starvation or decreasing intake of food energy
    0- fasting conditions and/ or inadequate carbs
45
Q

true or false

you need to consume less than 10% of sat fat

A

true

nutr 207 (20 decks)

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