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nutr 207 > Module 2- Anatomy and Digestion > Flashcards

Module 2- Anatomy and Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

what is cecum?

A

pouch that forms the first part of the large intestine

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2
Q

where is situated the ileocecal valve or sphincter?

A

it is situated at the junction of the ileum (last portion of your small intestine) and the colon (first portion of your large intestine)

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3
Q

what is a lumen?

A

the cavity or channel within the GI tract

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4
Q

what is an appendix?

A

a narrow, finger-shaped pouch that projects out from the colon. The usefulness or purpose of the appendix is debated.

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5
Q

what is appendicitis?

A

Appendicitis is when the appendix becomes inflamed and infected

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6
Q

true or false

the pharynx extends from the nasal cavity and mouth to the esophagus, whereas the larynx is the upper portion of the trachea (for breathing and voice)

A

true

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7
Q

what are the blood functions?

A
  • delivers oxygen (from lungs) and nutrients to tissues

- removes carbon dioxide (at lungs) and wastes (at kidney) from tissues

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8
Q

what is lymph?

A

a clear or whitish fluid
It is the fluid that flows through the lymphatic system: a system composed of lymph vessels (channels) and intervening lymph nodes

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9
Q

lymph contains what?

A

WBC - White blood cells

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10
Q

What does lymph transport?

A

transports some fats and fat-soluble vitamins

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11
Q

explain the lymphatic system

A

no pump, circulates between cells. Collects into tiny vessels/channels . Enters central bloodstream via subclavian veins

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12
Q

how the blood circulates

A

1) blood leaves the right side of the heart by way of the pulmonary artery
2)Blood loses carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen in the lungs and returns to the left side of the heart by way of the pulmonary vein
3)Blood leaves the left side of the heart by way of the aorta, the main artery that launches blood on its
course through the body
4) Blood may leave the aorta to go to the upper body and head or Blood may leave the aorta to go to the lower body
5) Blood may go to the digestive tract and then the liver; or Blood may go to the pelvis, kidneys, and legs
6) Blood returns to the right side of the heart.
7) Lymph from most of the body’s organs, including the digestive system, enter the bloodstream near the heart.

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13
Q

what is the digestive system?

A

the organs and glands associated with the ingestion and digestion of food

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14
Q

what is digestion?

A

the body’s way of breaking down foods into nutrients in preparation for absorption

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15
Q

what is absorption?

A

the uptake of nutrients by cells of the small intestine for transport into either the blood or the lymph

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16
Q

Digestive juices are secreted by…

A

salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, liver and small intestine

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17
Q

what do digestive juices contain?

A

enzymes - break down nutrients

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18
Q

where does digestion begin?

A

mouth- saliva contain salivary amylase and lingual amylase that break down

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19
Q

what are the major subdivisions of the digestive tract

A

1) oral cavity, teeth, tongue
2) pharynx
3) esophagus
4) stomach
5) small intestine
6) large intestine

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20
Q

describe the oral cavity

A

mechanical processing, moistening, mixing with salivary secretions

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21
Q

describe the pharynx

A

muscular propulsion of materials into the esophagus

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22
Q

describe the esophagus

A

transport of materials to the stomach

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23
Q

describe the stomach

A

chemical breakdown of materials by acid and enzymes; mechanical processing through muscular contractions

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24
Q

describe the small intestine

A

enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrate, vitamins and ions

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25
Q

describe the large intestine

A

enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins and ions

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26
Q

what is peristalsis

A

series of involuntary wave-like muscle contractions which move food along the digestive tract

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27
Q

what are the 4 types of sphincter contractions

A
  1. upper esophageal sphincter
  2. lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter)
  3. pyloric sphincter
  4. ileocecal sphincter
28
Q

where is the upper esophageal sphincter and what is his function?

A

top of esophagus

opens in response to swallowing

29
Q

where is the lower esophageal sphincter and what is his function?

A

bottom of esophagus

prevent reflux of stomach content

30
Q

where is the pyloric sphincter and what is his function?

A

bottom of the stomach.
Holds the chyme in the stomach for it to be mixed with gastric juice and liquefied. Prevents intestinal contents from backing up into the stomach

31
Q

where is the ileocecal sphincter and what is his function?

A

end of the small intestine

allows emptying into the large intestine

32
Q

what are the major functions of the stomach

A
  1. storage of ingested food for slow release
  2. mechanical breakdown to chyme
  3. gastrin (hormone) is secreted by cells of stomach
  4. production of intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein required for absorption of vit B12 in small intestine
33
Q

what are the 2 systems that coordinate the digestive and hormonal processes?

A

endocrine system

nervous system

34
Q

what protects stomach cells from acid and disease-causing bacteria?

a. hydrochloric acid
b. water
c. gastric glands
d. mucus
e. bile

A

d. mucus

35
Q

what is the normal blood pH range?

A

7.35 to 7.45

36
Q

what are the primary hormones on the GI tract?

A

gastrin
secretin
cholecystokinin

37
Q

gastrin respond to what?

A

food in the stomach

38
Q

secretin respond to what?

A

acidic chyme in the small intestine

39
Q

cholecystokinin respond to what?

A

fat or protein in the small intestine

40
Q

where is gastrin secreted from and it is stimulated from?

A

secreted -stomach wall

stimulated - stomach glands

41
Q

where is secretin secreted from and it is stimulated from?

A

secreted - dudodenal wall

stimulated - pancreas

42
Q

where is cholecystokinin secreted from and it is stimulated from?

A

secreted - intestinal wall

stimulated - gallbladder pancreas

43
Q

what is the response of the gastrin hormone?

A

Hydrochloric acid secreted into the stomach to maintain an acidic pH

44
Q

what is the response of the secretin hormone?

A

Bicarbonate-rich juices secreted into the small intestine to maintain a slightly alkaline pH

45
Q

what is the response of the cholecystokinin hormone?

A

Bile is secreted into the duodenum to emulsify fats.
Bicarbonate- and enzyme-rich juices are secreted into the small intestine to maintain a slightly alkaline pH, digest fats and proteins, and slow GI tract motility

46
Q

what are the primary functions of the liver?

A
  1. bile production and excretion
  2. process nutrients absorbed by small intestine. Metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbs
  3. enzyme activation
  4. storage of glycogen, vitamins, and minerals
  5. synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin, and clotting factors
  6. blood detoxification and purification
47
Q

true or false

bile emulsifies lipids in the stomach

A

false

bile emulsifies lipids in the small intestine

48
Q

where is bile stored?

A

in the gall bladder

49
Q

when does bile production increase?

A

when fatty chyme enters the duodenum and stimulates the secretion of the gut hormone secretin

50
Q

what is the function of pancreas exocrine and endocrine?

A

exocrine- digestive

endocrine - hormones

51
Q

pancreatic juice is composed of

A

water, some salts, sodium bicarbonate, and several digestive enzymes

52
Q

what is responsible for the slight alkalinity of pancreatic juice?

A

sodium bicarbonate

53
Q

where are carbohydrates absorbed?

A

mouth, small intestine

54
Q

where are proteins absorbed?

A

stomach, small intestine

55
Q

where is fat absorbed?

A

small intestine

56
Q

where is the majority of absorption done?

A

in the small intestine

57
Q

what are villi, microvilli, crypts and goblet cells

A

villi: select and regulate nutrients absorbed
microvilli: enzyme and “pumps”. Allow nutrient to pass through to the body
crypts: secretion of intestinal juices
goblet cells: mucus secretion

58
Q

what is simple diffusion and give an example of nutrients that are absorbed by simple diffusion?

A

simple diffusion is when nutrients cross into the intestinal cells freely. EX: water

59
Q

what is facilitated diffusion and give an example of nutrients that are absorbed by facilitated diffusion?

A

Facilitated diffusion is when the nutrients need a specific carrier to transport them from one side of the cell to the other. ex: water soluble vitamin

60
Q

what is active diffusion and give an example of nutrients that are absorbed by active diffusion?

A

Active diffusion occurs when nutrients move against a concentration gradient. Ex: amino acids and glucose

61
Q

what is the hepatic portal system and what it does to our body?

A

Portal system is a system of blood vessels - begins and end in capillaries
They carry nutrients from digestion to the liver to store and metabolize

62
Q

what are the classical functions of the large intestine?

A
  • reabsorption of water and electrolytes
  • compaction of intestinal contents into feces
  • storage of fecal material prior to defecation
  • home of the microbiota
63
Q

what is the role of the microbiome

A

autoimmune disease, obesity, psychological conditions.
Ferment certain indigestible fibers
break down and help recycle parts of bile

64
Q

what is the difference between probiotics and prebiotics

A

prebiotics : food components, such as fibers, that are not digested and are used as food for gut bacteria to promote their growth and activity

probiotics: living organisms in food that are beneficial to gut health, ex: yogurt

65
Q

true or false questions:

1) most fibers transits through the digestive system without being digested and absorbed
2) the transit time, so the time that occurs from the mouth to the colon is approximately 12h
3) when a person is chocking the food goes to the esophagus
4) ulcer - the stomach has bacterial infection and it can lead to bleeding or perforation

A
  1. true
  2. false, it is 24h
  3. false, the food goes to the trachea and it blocks the air
  4. true

nutr 207 (20 decks)

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