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Medical Terminology > Module 7: Urinary System > Flashcards

Module 7: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary components of the urinary system?

A

Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra

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2
Q

Filtration

A

A process for removing waste products such as urea, potassium, uric acid, and creatine from the blood

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3
Q

What is urine composed of?

A

Water, salts, and acids

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4
Q

Urination or voiding or micturition

A

A process in which urine travels down the ureters into the urinary bladder and out of the body through the urethra

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5
Q

Electrolytes

A

Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) are small molecules that conduct an electrical charge. Electrolytes are necessary for proper functioning of muscles and nerve cells

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6
Q

Renin

A

A hormone that raises blood pressure (to keep blood moving through the kidney)

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7
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

A hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow

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8
Q

Calciferol

A

Secreted by the kidneys and is an active form of vitamin D and necessary for the absorption of calcium from the intestine

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9
Q

Kidney

A

One of two bean-shaped organs behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the spine in the lumbar region

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10
Q

How large of kidneys?

A

They are about the size of a fist and weigh 4-6 pounds

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11
Q

Cortex

A

Means bark; The outer layer of the kidney and contains about 1 million nephrons

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12
Q

Medulla

A

Means marrow; the inner region of the kidney that holds most of the collecting tubules

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13
Q

Hilum

A

Is a depression on the medial border of the kidney where blood vessels and nerves pass through

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14
Q

Ureter

A

One of two muscular tubes (16-18 inches long) lined with mucous membrane. It carries urine in peristaltic waves from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

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15
Q

Urinary bladder

A

A hollow, muscular sac, is a temporary reservoir for urine

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16
Q

Trigone

A

A triangular region at the base of the bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exists

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17
Q

Urethra

A

A tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

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18
Q

Urinary meatus

A

The external opening of the urethra

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19
Q

Female urethra

A

Is about 1.5 inches long, lies anterior to the vagina and the vaginal meatus

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20
Q

Male urethra

A

Is about 9 inches long, extends downward through the prostate gland to the urinary meatus at the tip of the penis

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21
Q

Homeostasis

A

The proper balance of water, salts, acids, and electrolytes in the body fluids

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22
Q

Nephron

A

A unit made from the combination of the glomerulus and a renal tubule that lies on the outer layer (cortex) of the kidney

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23
Q

Renal arteries

A

Left and right arteries in which blood enters the kidney from the aorta

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24
Q

Glomeruli

A

A very tiny mass of coiled and intertwined smaller blood vessels in which there are about 1 million of in the kidney

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25
Q

Glomerulus

A

A collection of tiny capillaries form in the shape of a small ball

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26
Q

Glomerular (Bowman) capsule

A

Filtered materials from the bloodstream collect in a tiny cup-like structure that surrounds each glomerulus

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27
Q

Renal tubule

A

Most water, all of the sugar, salts, urea and other wastes pass through but most water, all sugar and almost all sodium return to the blood stream through tiny capillaries surrounding each tubule

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28
Q

Reabsorption

A

The process in which water, sugar, and salts are returned to the bloodstream making sure the body retains essential substances

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29
Q

Secretion

A

The final process in the formation of urine. These waste products of metabolism become toxic if allowed to accumulate in the body

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30
Q

Parenchyma (aka nephrons)

A

The functional part of the kidney where urine is actually formed

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31
Q

What does PCT stand for?

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

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32
Q

What does DCT stand for?

A

Distal Convoluted Tubule

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33
Q

Henle Loop

A

The long U-shaped portion of the tubule that plays a crucial role in reabsorbing water and sodium chloride from the unrine

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34
Q

What does CD stand for?

A

Collecting Duct

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35
Q

Vasa Recta

A

Refers to the specialized network of blood vessels found in the kidney medulla

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36
Q

What components of the kidney make up the tubular secretion process?

A

Vasa recta, PCT, DCT, CD, and henle loop

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37
Q

nephr/o

A

nephron

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38
Q

glomerul/o

A

glomerulus

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39
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Made up of the bowman capsule and the glomerulus which is the beginning of the nephron unit

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40
Q

What is the sequencing order for the nephron?

A
  1. renal artery, 2. arterioles, 3. glomeruli, 4. renal tubules, 5. loop of Henle, 6. distal renal tube, 7. collecting duct
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41
Q

What are the three steps in the formation of urine?

A
  1. glomerular filtration, 2. tubular reabsorption, 3. tubular secretion
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42
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis

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43
Q

Renal pelvis

A

the nephron units and urine flow into the large collecting tubules which is the central collecting region of the kidney

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44
Q

cali/o or calic/o

A

calyx

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45
Q

Calices or calyces

A

The small basin in the central part of the kidney is made up of these cup-shaped regions

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46
Q

Calyx

A

Each one helps collect the urine and aids its passage through the renal pelvis, which narrows into the ureter

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47
Q

ureter/o

A

ureter

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48
Q

cyst/o

A

bladder

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49
Q

trigon/o

A

trigone

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50
Q

urethr/o

A

urethra

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51
Q

How does the urine flow work?

A

The urinary is a flexible bag that accumulates with urine, as it does it puts pressure on the base of the urethra, which creates the urge to urinate

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52
Q

Sphincters

A

Small muscles similar to rings that control urine flow

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53
Q

meat/o

A

meatus

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54
Q

vesic/o

A

urinary bladder

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55
Q

albumin/o

A

albumin (a protein of the blood)

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56
Q

azot/o

A

nitrogen

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57
Q

bacteri/o

A

bacteria

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58
Q

dips/o

A

thirst

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59
Q

kal/o

A

potassium

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60
Q

ket/o, keton/o

A

ketone bodies (ketoacids and acetone)

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61
Q

lith/o

A

stones

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62
Q

natr/o

A

sodium

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63
Q

olig/o

A

scanty

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64
Q

-poietin

A

substance that forms

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65
Q

py/o

A

pus

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66
Q

-tripsy

A

crushing

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67
Q

ur/o

A

urine (urea)

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68
Q

urin/o

A

urine

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69
Q

-uria

A

urination; urine condition

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70
Q

Enuresis

A

the involuntary discharge of urine or bed-wetting

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71
Q

Nocturia

A

the voluntary and frequent urination at night

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72
Q

What does UA stand for?

A

Urinalysis

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73
Q

Urinalysis

A

A multipurpose test to detect a great number of common disorders

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74
Q

pH test

A

Used to determine to what degree the urine is acidic or basic (alkaline)

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75
Q

What does pH stand for?

A

Potential Hydrogen

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76
Q

albuminuria

A

The presence of an abnormal amount of albumin in the urine

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77
Q

glycosuria

A

The presence of too much sugar in the urine

78
Q

What is glycosuria an indication of?

A

Diabetes mellitus

79
Q

Ketonuria

A

Elevated levels of ketone bodies (aka acetones) in the urine

80
Q

ketoacidosis (or ketosis)

A

Excessive blood acidity attributable to dangerous levels of ketones

81
Q

pyuria

A

The presence of pus in the urine which will usually appear turbid or cloudy

82
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

Elevated levels of phenylketones

83
Q

Hyperbilirubinemia

A

Excess levels of hemoglobin pigment bilirubin in the blood, which leads to bilirubinuria, or excess bilirubin in the urine

84
Q

Specific gravity (sp gr)

A

Comparison of density between the urine and water

85
Q

What are the 10 elements that may be detected in a urinanalysis?

A

Colour, appearance, pH, protein, glucose, specific gravity, ketone bodies, sediment and casts, phenylketonuria, bilirubin

86
Q

What does UTI stand for?

A

Urinary Tract Infection

86
Q

Where are upper UTIs?

A

Located in the kidneys and ureters

87
Q

Where are lower UTIs?

A

Located in the bladder and urethra

88
Q

Renal failure

A

The kidneys fail to excrete urine because of impaired filtration function

89
Q

What does CKD stand for?

A

Chronic Kidney Disease

90
Q

Interstitial nephritis

A

Inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules

91
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney

92
Q

Interstitial cystitis (IC)

A

A chronic inflammation of the bladder wall

93
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

A bacterial infection in the renal pelvic of the urinary tract causes collections of pus (abscesses) to form in the kidney

94
Q

Urethritis

A

Inflammation of the urethra

95
Q

Ureteritis

A

Inflammation of the ureter

96
Q

Urethral stricture

A

a blockage that can be caused by long-term medication use or long-term use of an indwelling urinary catheter, which can produce scarring and thus cause a fibrotic narrowing of the urethra

97
Q

dysuria

A

painful urination

98
Q

polyuria

A

urinary frequency

99
Q

Diuresis

A

Increase urine formation and secretion cause by the increased intake of coffee or alcohol

100
Q

Anuria

A

diminished or absent urination usually caused by either renal dysfunction or a urinary tract obstruction

101
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A

Kidney stones

102
Q

Nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)

A

Group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine

103
Q

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

A

Multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney

104
Q

Renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)

A

Cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood

105
Q

Renal hypertension

A

High blood pressure resulting from kidney disease

106
Q

Wilms tumor

A

Malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood

107
Q

Bladder cancer

A

Malignant tumor of the urinary bladder

108
Q

Diabetes insipidus (DI)

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH

109
Q

Diabetes mellitus (DM)

A

Insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects

110
Q

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A

Measurement of urea levels in blood

111
Q

Creatine clearance

A

Measurement of the rate at which creatine is cleared from the blood by the kidneys

112
Q

What causes kidney stones?

A

Hypercalciuria, chronic dehydration, gout, UTIs, and some dietary choices

113
Q

Hypercalciuria

A

A condition of high levels of calcium in the urine

114
Q

Gout

A

Crystallization of uric acid in the joint; an acute monoarthropathy

115
Q

Nephropathy

A

Disorder of the kidney

116
Q

Uremia

A

A toxic state in which a large amount of nitrogenous waste accumulate in the blood because they are not being excreted in the urine

117
Q

Azotemia

A

Another term that refers to high levels of urea because azot/o = nitrogen and this term is typically used when abnormal levels can be measure but have not yet produced symptoms

118
Q

Polyuria

A

Excessive excretion of urine

119
Q

Polydipsia

A

Excessive thirst

120
Q

Nephroptosis

A

A dropping or displacing of the kidney because of weak support

121
Q

Renal cell carcinoma

A

A cancerous tumor of the kidney (aka hypernephroma)

122
Q

blast/o

A

embryonic

123
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A

A kidney disease with proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema

124
Q

Proteinuria

A

Protein from the blood in the urine

125
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney that results in leaky glomeruli

126
Q

Edema

A

Swelling caused by fluid in the tissue spaces

127
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Leaky kidneys

128
Q

What does ketonuria indicate?

A

An indication that the body is burning fat for energy

129
Q

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A

A test to determine how much urea and nitrogen have accumulated in the blood (uremia)

130
Q

What does CRF stand for?

A

Chronic Renal Failure

131
Q

Creatinine

A

A waste byproduct of muscle metabolism

132
Q

What does CrCl stand for?

A

Creatinine Clearance Test

133
Q

Creatinine clearance test

A

Measures the rate at which creatinine concentration in a blood sample is excreted in the urine over a 24-hour period

134
Q

What does GFR stand for?

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate

135
Q

What is creatinine clearance also useful in assessing?

A

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

136
Q

What does a CT scan do?

A

Present multiple transverse x-ray views with or without the use of a contrast material

137
Q

What does RP stand for?

A

Retrograde Pyelogram

138
Q

What does a retrograde pyelogram do?

A

It involves the administration of a contrast medium through a catheter into the ureters from the bladder before x-ray images of the renal pelvis and ureters are taken

139
Q

What is a radioisotope scan?

A

An image of the kidney enhanced by the injection of a radioactive substance into the bloodstream

140
Q

Renal embolus

A

A blood clot that blocks blood flow to the kidney

141
Q

What does VCUG stand for?

A

Voiding Cystourethrogram

142
Q

What is a voiding cystourethrogram?

A

Reveals abnormalities of the bladder

143
Q

Fluoroscopy

A

A real-time x-ray imaging

144
Q

What does IVP stand for?

A

Intravenous Pyelogram

145
Q

What is an intravenous pyelogram?

A

A special x-ray examination of the kidneys, bladder, and ureters using an iodine-based contrast material

146
Q

What does KUB stand for?

A

Kidney, Ureters, and Bladder

147
Q

What does MRI stand for?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

148
Q

What does a kidney, ureters, and bladder test do?

A

X-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder

149
Q

What does an MRI test do?

A

It can demonstrate the kidneys in relation to other organs in the abdominopelvic region

150
Q

What is the best diagnostic imaging procedure with kidneys?

A

Using a kidney or abdominal ultrasound

151
Q

What is a renal angiography?

A

A diagnostic procedure during which radiographic images of the blood vessels of the kidney are made and is performed using a contrast material

152
Q

andi/o

A

vessels

153
Q

What does a renal angiography help diagnose?

A

An obstruction or constriction of blood vessels leading to the kidney but these results may also be visualized on CT and MRI urography tests

154
Q

What does the MRI urography do?

A

Images are made of the pelvic and retroperitoneal regions. This test is useful in visualizing tumor invasion of blood vessels, lymph nodes, and adjacent tissue

155
Q

What is diagnostic sonography (aka ultrasonography or diagnostic ultrasound)?

A

This imaging procedure uses sounds waves to record images of internal organs and tissues. The image produced is call a sonogram

156
Q

What is the most common diagnostic procedure?

A

Cystoscopy

157
Q

What is a cystoscopy?

A

The direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder using a cytoscope

158
Q

What is a flexible cytoscopy?

A

Uses a thin fiberoptic cystoscope for diagnosis and checkups of the urinary bladder

159
Q

What is rigid cystoscopy?

A

Passes a hollow metal tube through the urethra into the bladder and is used to take biopsy samples, remove polyps, or perform laser treatments

160
Q

What is the treatment for urethral stricture or narrowing?

A

Urethroplasty (which is surgery) and typically involves urethral dilation urethrotomy

161
Q

Lithotripsy

A

The process of crushing calculi or stones so that they can pass from the body through the urethra

162
Q

-tripsy

A

crushing

163
Q

What does ESWL stand for?

A

Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy

164
Q

What is extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

A

A shock wave is administered from outside the body to brush the stones

165
Q

extra-

A

outside

166
Q

corpor/o

A

body

167
Q

Nephrolithotomy

A

The process of cutting into the kidney to remove stone or calculus

168
Q

Pyelolithotomy

A

Removing the stone through an incision in the renal pelvis

169
Q

Urethrotomy

A

Incision into the urethra to relieve stricture

170
Q

hyperkalemia

A

increased blood potassium

171
Q

kal/i

A

potassium

172
Q

What saves a patient’s life if their kidneys can no longer separate nitrogenous waste materials from the bloodstream?

A

Dialysis

173
Q

Hemodialysis (HD)

A

Uses an artificial kidney machine that receives waste-filled blood from the patient’s bloodstream, filters it through an artificial porous membrane called a dialyzer, and then returns the dialyzed blood to the patient’s body

174
Q

Peritoneal dialysis (PD)

A

Uses a peritoneal catheter to introduce fluid into the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity, waste materials pass out of the blood stream into the fluid, then the fluid is drained from the body through the catheter

175
Q

What does CAPD stand for?

A

Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

176
Q

What is continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis?

A

A type of dialysis that does not require a machine; therefor the patient is free to walk around (ambulate)

177
Q

Automated peritoneal dialysis

A

Can be used when the patient is sleeping

178
Q

Urinary catheterization

A

Used for short-term urine drainage and should not be confused with peritoneal dialysis

179
Q

Cystostomy

A

The creation of an artificial opening into the urinary bladder for insertion of a catheter

180
Q

Renal transplant

A

Receiving a kidney from a donor, particularly in cases where dialysis is no longer effective

181
Q

Renal angioplasty

A

A procedure where a balloon catheter is inserted through an artery and into the narrowed artery in the kidney

182
Q

What does inflating the balloon during an renal angioplasty do?

A

It widens the stenosis (narrowing) and redistributes lipid deposits within the artery which both improve blood flow to the kidney, improving renal hypertension and preserving renal function

183
Q

Stents

A

metal tubes

184
Q

Oliguria

A

Low urine output (scanty urination)

185
Q

What does HD stand for?

A

Hemodialysis

186
Q

Creatine clearance is used to stage the extent of which disease?

A

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

187
Q

Which clinical procedure is not used to help diagnose renal calculi or obstructions?

A

Voiding cystourethrogram

188
Q

Which procedure does the surgeon use to create an arteriovenous fistula aiding hemodialysis in the patient with renal failure?

A

Anastomosis

189
Q

An acute reaction to certain drugs that leads to poor renal function, fever, and rash accompanied by eosinophils in the urine is called what?

A

Interstitial nephritis

Medical Terminology (7 decks)

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