Module 7: Urinary System Flashcards
What are the primary components of the urinary system?
Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra
Filtration
A process for removing waste products such as urea, potassium, uric acid, and creatine from the blood
What is urine composed of?
Water, salts, and acids
Urination or voiding or micturition
A process in which urine travels down the ureters into the urinary bladder and out of the body through the urethra
Electrolytes
Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) are small molecules that conduct an electrical charge. Electrolytes are necessary for proper functioning of muscles and nerve cells
Renin
A hormone that raises blood pressure (to keep blood moving through the kidney)
Erythropoietin (EPO)
A hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow
Calciferol
Secreted by the kidneys and is an active form of vitamin D and necessary for the absorption of calcium from the intestine
Kidney
One of two bean-shaped organs behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the spine in the lumbar region
How large of kidneys?
They are about the size of a fist and weigh 4-6 pounds
Cortex
Means bark; The outer layer of the kidney and contains about 1 million nephrons
Medulla
Means marrow; the inner region of the kidney that holds most of the collecting tubules
Hilum
Is a depression on the medial border of the kidney where blood vessels and nerves pass through
Ureter
One of two muscular tubes (16-18 inches long) lined with mucous membrane. It carries urine in peristaltic waves from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Urinary bladder
A hollow, muscular sac, is a temporary reservoir for urine
Trigone
A triangular region at the base of the bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exists
Urethra
A tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
Urinary meatus
The external opening of the urethra
Female urethra
Is about 1.5 inches long, lies anterior to the vagina and the vaginal meatus
Male urethra
Is about 9 inches long, extends downward through the prostate gland to the urinary meatus at the tip of the penis
Homeostasis
The proper balance of water, salts, acids, and electrolytes in the body fluids
Nephron
A unit made from the combination of the glomerulus and a renal tubule that lies on the outer layer (cortex) of the kidney
Renal arteries
Left and right arteries in which blood enters the kidney from the aorta
Glomeruli
A very tiny mass of coiled and intertwined smaller blood vessels in which there are about 1 million of in the kidney
Glomerulus
A collection of tiny capillaries form in the shape of a small ball
Glomerular (Bowman) capsule
Filtered materials from the bloodstream collect in a tiny cup-like structure that surrounds each glomerulus
Renal tubule
Most water, all of the sugar, salts, urea and other wastes pass through but most water, all sugar and almost all sodium return to the blood stream through tiny capillaries surrounding each tubule
Reabsorption
The process in which water, sugar, and salts are returned to the bloodstream making sure the body retains essential substances
Secretion
The final process in the formation of urine. These waste products of metabolism become toxic if allowed to accumulate in the body
Parenchyma (aka nephrons)
The functional part of the kidney where urine is actually formed
What does PCT stand for?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
What does DCT stand for?
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Henle Loop
The long U-shaped portion of the tubule that plays a crucial role in reabsorbing water and sodium chloride from the unrine
What does CD stand for?
Collecting Duct
Vasa Recta
Refers to the specialized network of blood vessels found in the kidney medulla
What components of the kidney make up the tubular secretion process?
Vasa recta, PCT, DCT, CD, and henle loop
nephr/o
nephron
glomerul/o
glomerulus
Renal corpuscle
Made up of the bowman capsule and the glomerulus which is the beginning of the nephron unit
What is the sequencing order for the nephron?
- renal artery, 2. arterioles, 3. glomeruli, 4. renal tubules, 5. loop of Henle, 6. distal renal tube, 7. collecting duct
What are the three steps in the formation of urine?
- glomerular filtration, 2. tubular reabsorption, 3. tubular secretion
pyel/o
renal pelvis
Renal pelvis
the nephron units and urine flow into the large collecting tubules which is the central collecting region of the kidney
cali/o or calic/o
calyx
Calices or calyces
The small basin in the central part of the kidney is made up of these cup-shaped regions
Calyx
Each one helps collect the urine and aids its passage through the renal pelvis, which narrows into the ureter
ureter/o
ureter
cyst/o
bladder
trigon/o
trigone
urethr/o
urethra
How does the urine flow work?
The urinary is a flexible bag that accumulates with urine, as it does it puts pressure on the base of the urethra, which creates the urge to urinate
Sphincters
Small muscles similar to rings that control urine flow
meat/o
meatus
vesic/o
urinary bladder
albumin/o
albumin (a protein of the blood)
azot/o
nitrogen
bacteri/o
bacteria
dips/o
thirst
kal/o
potassium
ket/o, keton/o
ketone bodies (ketoacids and acetone)
lith/o
stones
natr/o
sodium
olig/o
scanty
-poietin
substance that forms
py/o
pus
-tripsy
crushing
ur/o
urine (urea)
urin/o
urine
-uria
urination; urine condition
Enuresis
the involuntary discharge of urine or bed-wetting
Nocturia
the voluntary and frequent urination at night
What does UA stand for?
Urinalysis
Urinalysis
A multipurpose test to detect a great number of common disorders
pH test
Used to determine to what degree the urine is acidic or basic (alkaline)
What does pH stand for?
Potential Hydrogen
albuminuria
The presence of an abnormal amount of albumin in the urine
glycosuria
The presence of too much sugar in the urine
What is glycosuria an indication of?
Diabetes mellitus
Ketonuria
Elevated levels of ketone bodies (aka acetones) in the urine
ketoacidosis (or ketosis)
Excessive blood acidity attributable to dangerous levels of ketones
pyuria
The presence of pus in the urine which will usually appear turbid or cloudy
phenylketonuria (PKU)
Elevated levels of phenylketones
Hyperbilirubinemia
Excess levels of hemoglobin pigment bilirubin in the blood, which leads to bilirubinuria, or excess bilirubin in the urine
Specific gravity (sp gr)
Comparison of density between the urine and water
What are the 10 elements that may be detected in a urinanalysis?
Colour, appearance, pH, protein, glucose, specific gravity, ketone bodies, sediment and casts, phenylketonuria, bilirubin
What does UTI stand for?
Urinary Tract Infection
Where are upper UTIs?
Located in the kidneys and ureters
Where are lower UTIs?
Located in the bladder and urethra
Renal failure
The kidneys fail to excrete urine because of impaired filtration function
What does CKD stand for?
Chronic Kidney Disease
Interstitial nephritis
Inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules
glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney
Interstitial cystitis (IC)
A chronic inflammation of the bladder wall
Pyelonephritis
A bacterial infection in the renal pelvic of the urinary tract causes collections of pus (abscesses) to form in the kidney
Urethritis
Inflammation of the urethra
Ureteritis
Inflammation of the ureter
Urethral stricture
a blockage that can be caused by long-term medication use or long-term use of an indwelling urinary catheter, which can produce scarring and thus cause a fibrotic narrowing of the urethra
dysuria
painful urination
polyuria
urinary frequency
Diuresis
Increase urine formation and secretion cause by the increased intake of coffee or alcohol
Anuria
diminished or absent urination usually caused by either renal dysfunction or a urinary tract obstruction
Nephrolithiasis
Kidney stones
Nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)
Group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
Multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney
Renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)
Cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood
Renal hypertension
High blood pressure resulting from kidney disease
Wilms tumor
Malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood
Bladder cancer
Malignant tumor of the urinary bladder
Diabetes insipidus (DI)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Measurement of urea levels in blood
Creatine clearance
Measurement of the rate at which creatine is cleared from the blood by the kidneys
What causes kidney stones?
Hypercalciuria, chronic dehydration, gout, UTIs, and some dietary choices
Hypercalciuria
A condition of high levels of calcium in the urine
Gout
Crystallization of uric acid in the joint; an acute monoarthropathy
Nephropathy
Disorder of the kidney
Uremia
A toxic state in which a large amount of nitrogenous waste accumulate in the blood because they are not being excreted in the urine
Azotemia
Another term that refers to high levels of urea because azot/o = nitrogen and this term is typically used when abnormal levels can be measure but have not yet produced symptoms
Polyuria
Excessive excretion of urine
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst
Nephroptosis
A dropping or displacing of the kidney because of weak support
Renal cell carcinoma
A cancerous tumor of the kidney (aka hypernephroma)
blast/o
embryonic
Nephrotic syndrome
A kidney disease with proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema
Proteinuria
Protein from the blood in the urine
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney that results in leaky glomeruli
Edema
Swelling caused by fluid in the tissue spaces
Glomerulonephritis
Leaky kidneys
What does ketonuria indicate?
An indication that the body is burning fat for energy
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
A test to determine how much urea and nitrogen have accumulated in the blood (uremia)
What does CRF stand for?
Chronic Renal Failure
Creatinine
A waste byproduct of muscle metabolism
What does CrCl stand for?
Creatinine Clearance Test
Creatinine clearance test
Measures the rate at which creatinine concentration in a blood sample is excreted in the urine over a 24-hour period
What does GFR stand for?
Glomerular Filtration Rate
What is creatinine clearance also useful in assessing?
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
What does a CT scan do?
Present multiple transverse x-ray views with or without the use of a contrast material
What does RP stand for?
Retrograde Pyelogram
What does a retrograde pyelogram do?
It involves the administration of a contrast medium through a catheter into the ureters from the bladder before x-ray images of the renal pelvis and ureters are taken
What is a radioisotope scan?
An image of the kidney enhanced by the injection of a radioactive substance into the bloodstream
Renal embolus
A blood clot that blocks blood flow to the kidney
What does VCUG stand for?
Voiding Cystourethrogram
What is a voiding cystourethrogram?
Reveals abnormalities of the bladder
Fluoroscopy
A real-time x-ray imaging
What does IVP stand for?
Intravenous Pyelogram
What is an intravenous pyelogram?
A special x-ray examination of the kidneys, bladder, and ureters using an iodine-based contrast material
What does KUB stand for?
Kidney, Ureters, and Bladder
What does MRI stand for?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
What does a kidney, ureters, and bladder test do?
X-ray examination (without contrast) of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
What does an MRI test do?
It can demonstrate the kidneys in relation to other organs in the abdominopelvic region
What is the best diagnostic imaging procedure with kidneys?
Using a kidney or abdominal ultrasound
What is a renal angiography?
A diagnostic procedure during which radiographic images of the blood vessels of the kidney are made and is performed using a contrast material
andi/o
vessels
What does a renal angiography help diagnose?
An obstruction or constriction of blood vessels leading to the kidney but these results may also be visualized on CT and MRI urography tests
What does the MRI urography do?
Images are made of the pelvic and retroperitoneal regions. This test is useful in visualizing tumor invasion of blood vessels, lymph nodes, and adjacent tissue
What is diagnostic sonography (aka ultrasonography or diagnostic ultrasound)?
This imaging procedure uses sounds waves to record images of internal organs and tissues. The image produced is call a sonogram
What is the most common diagnostic procedure?
Cystoscopy
What is a cystoscopy?
The direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder using a cytoscope
What is a flexible cytoscopy?
Uses a thin fiberoptic cystoscope for diagnosis and checkups of the urinary bladder
What is rigid cystoscopy?
Passes a hollow metal tube through the urethra into the bladder and is used to take biopsy samples, remove polyps, or perform laser treatments
What is the treatment for urethral stricture or narrowing?
Urethroplasty (which is surgery) and typically involves urethral dilation urethrotomy
Lithotripsy
The process of crushing calculi or stones so that they can pass from the body through the urethra
-tripsy
crushing
What does ESWL stand for?
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
What is extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
A shock wave is administered from outside the body to brush the stones
extra-
outside
corpor/o
body
Nephrolithotomy
The process of cutting into the kidney to remove stone or calculus
Pyelolithotomy
Removing the stone through an incision in the renal pelvis
Urethrotomy
Incision into the urethra to relieve stricture
hyperkalemia
increased blood potassium
kal/i
potassium
What saves a patient’s life if their kidneys can no longer separate nitrogenous waste materials from the bloodstream?
Dialysis
Hemodialysis (HD)
Uses an artificial kidney machine that receives waste-filled blood from the patient’s bloodstream, filters it through an artificial porous membrane called a dialyzer, and then returns the dialyzed blood to the patient’s body
Peritoneal dialysis (PD)
Uses a peritoneal catheter to introduce fluid into the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity, waste materials pass out of the blood stream into the fluid, then the fluid is drained from the body through the catheter
What does CAPD stand for?
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
What is continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis?
A type of dialysis that does not require a machine; therefor the patient is free to walk around (ambulate)
Automated peritoneal dialysis
Can be used when the patient is sleeping
Urinary catheterization
Used for short-term urine drainage and should not be confused with peritoneal dialysis
Cystostomy
The creation of an artificial opening into the urinary bladder for insertion of a catheter
Renal transplant
Receiving a kidney from a donor, particularly in cases where dialysis is no longer effective
Renal angioplasty
A procedure where a balloon catheter is inserted through an artery and into the narrowed artery in the kidney
What does inflating the balloon during an renal angioplasty do?
It widens the stenosis (narrowing) and redistributes lipid deposits within the artery which both improve blood flow to the kidney, improving renal hypertension and preserving renal function
Stents
metal tubes
Oliguria
Low urine output (scanty urination)
What does HD stand for?
Hemodialysis
Creatine clearance is used to stage the extent of which disease?
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Which clinical procedure is not used to help diagnose renal calculi or obstructions?
Voiding cystourethrogram
Which procedure does the surgeon use to create an arteriovenous fistula aiding hemodialysis in the patient with renal failure?
Anastomosis
An acute reaction to certain drugs that leads to poor renal function, fever, and rash accompanied by eosinophils in the urine is called what?
Interstitial nephritis
