Module 12: Respiratory System Flashcards
What is respiration?
the mechanical process of breathing, the exchange of air between the lungs and the external environment
external respiration
the exchange of air at the lungs, oxygen is inhaled into the air spaces of the lungs and immediately passes into capillaries surrounding the air spaces, simultaneously, CO2 is exhaled
internal (cellular) respiration
involves an exchange of gases at the level of the cells within all organs of the body
nose
air enters through two openings called nostrils or nares
nasal cavity
lined with a mucous membrane and fine hairs (cilia) to help filter out foreign bodies, as well as to warm and moisten the air
paranasal sinuses
hollow, air-conditioning spaces within the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity
pharynx (throat)
air reaches this part of the body after the nasal cavity and has 3 divisions
What are the 3 divisions of the nasal cavity?
- nasopharynx, 2. oropharynx, and 3. laryngopharynx
nasopharynx
contains the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) which are collections of lymphatic tissue. More common in children and if enlarged can block air passageways
oropharynx
close to the mouth with palatine tonsils
palatine tonsils
two rounded masses of lymphatic tissue
larayngopharynx
serves as a common passageway for food from the mouth and air from the nose. It divides into the larynx (voice box) and the esophagus
esophagus
leads into the stomach and carries food to be digested
larynx
contains the vocal cords and is surrounded by pieces of cartilage for support
thyroid cartilage
the largest and in men is commonly referred to as the Adam’s apple
epiglottis
a flap of cartilage attached to the root of the tongue prevents choking or aspiration of food (it acts as a lid over the opening of the larynx)
trachea (windpipe)
a vertical tube about 4.5 inches long and 1 inch in diameter and kept open by about 16-20 C-shaped rings of cartilage separated by fibrous connective tissue
bronchial tubes or bronchi (singular: bronchus)
branches into right and left and composed of delicate epithelium surrounded by cartilage rings and a muscular wall each side leads to a lung
bronchiols
small bronchial branches
terminal bronchiole
narrows into alveolar ducts, which end in collections of air sacs called alveoli (singular: aveolus)
alveoli (singular: aveolus)
There are about 300 million present in both lungs, each one is lined with a one-cell-thick layer of epithelium and allows the exchange of gases
What type of artery surrounds alveoli?
capillaries
erythrocytes
exist in the blood and carry oxygen away from the lungs to all parts of the body and carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation
pleura
a double-layered membrane that covers each lung
parietal pleura
the outer layer of the pleura that is nearer to the ribs
visceral pleura
the inner layer of the pleura that is closer to the lung
serous
thing, watery fluid
What does serous do in the respiratory system?
the secretion moistens the pleura and facilitates movements of the lungs within the chest (thorax)
Are both lungs the same size?
No, the right lung is slightly larger
How many lobes is the right and left lung divided into?
the right has 3 lobes and the left has 2 lobes
apex of the lung
the uppermost part of the lung
base of the lung
the lower area of the lung
hilum
is the midline region in which blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit
Where are the lungs located?
They extend from the collarbone to the diaphragm
diaphragm
located in the thoracic cavity, is a muscular partition separating the thoracic from the abdominal cavity and aiding in the process of breathing
during inhalation (inspiration)
the diaphragm contracts and descends
during exhalation (expiration)
the diaphragm relaxes and ascends
List the flow of air from start to finish
- nose (nares)
- nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses
- pharynx (adenoids and tonsils)
- larynx (epiglottis)
- trachea
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveoli
- lung capillaries (bloodstream)
cilia
thin hairs attached to the mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract. They clear bacteria and foreign substances from the lung
glottis
slit-like opening to the larynx (epi = above)
hilar
pertaining to the hilum
lobe
division of a lung
mediastinum
region between the lungs in the chest cavity. It contains the trachea, heart, lymph nodes, aorta, esophagus, and bronchial tubes
pulmonary parenchyma
essential parts of the lung, responsible for respiration; bronchioles and alveoli
adenoid/o
adenoids
alveol/o
alveolus, air sac
bronch/o, bronchi/o
bronchial tube, bronchus
bronchiol/o
bronchiole, small bronchus
capn/o
carbon dioxide
coni/o
dust
cyan/o
blue
epiglott/o
epiglottis
laryng/o
larynx, voice box
lob/o
lobe of the lung
List the different types of pulmonary resections
A. wedge resection
B. segmental resection
C. lobectomy
D. Pneumonectomy
mediatin/o
mediastinum
nas/o
nose
orth/o
straight, upright
ox/o
oxygen
pectr/o
chest
pharyng/o
pharynx, throat
phon/o
voice
phren/o
diaphragm
pleur/o
pleura
pleural effusion
is the escape of fluid from blood vessels or lymphatics into a cavity or into tissue spaces
pleurodynia
pleura pain
phrenic nerve
the motor nerve to the diaphragm
dysphonia
condition of abnormal voice sounds
pharyngeal
pertaining to the pharynx, throat
expectoration
clearing of secretions from the airway by coughing or spitting. This sputum can contain mucus, blood, cellular debris, pus, and microorganisms
hypoxia
tissues have decreased amount of oxygen, and cyanosis can result
orthopnea
abnormal condition breathing is more comfortable in an upright position
nasogastric intubation
placement of a tube through the nose into the stomach
paranasal sinuses
sinuses near the nose
mediastinoscopy
visual examination of the mediastinum
lobectomy
removal of excision of a lobe of the lung
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx
laryngospasm
spasm of laryngeal muscles that closes the larynx
epiglottitis
inflammation of the epiglottis
cyanosis
abnormal condition of bluish coloration of the skin
adenoidectomy
removal of the adenoids
adenoid hypertrophy
increased development of the adenoids
alveolar
pertaining to an aveolus
bronchospasm
involuntary muscular contraction in bronchial tubes
bronchiectasis
abnormal widening of bronchial tubes
bronchodilator
agent that dilates blood vessels and relieves bronchospasm
bronchopleural
pertaining to the bronchial tube and pleura
bronchiolitis
inflammation of the bronchiole
hypercapnia
increased levels of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream
pneumoconiosis
abnormal condition of dust in the lungs
pneum/o, pneumon/o
air, lung
pneumothorax
because of a hole in the lung, air accumulates in the pleural cavity, between the layers of the pleura
pneumonectomy
removal of the lung
pulmon/o
lung
pulmonary
pertaining to the lung
rhin/o
nose
rhinoplasty
surgical repair of the nose
rhinorrhea
discharge from the nose (aka a runny nose)
sinus/o
sinus, cavity
sinusitis
inflammation of the sinuses
spir/o
breathing
spirometer
an instrument to measure breathing
expiration
breathing out
respiration
internal and external respiration
What are the two forms of atelectasis?
A. an obstruction prevents air from reaching distal airways and alveoli collapse
B. accumulation of fluid, blood, or air within the pleural cavity collapse the lung
tel/o
complete
atelectasis
incomplete expansion of a lung
thorac/o
chest
thoracotomy
incision of the chest
thoracic
pertaining to the chest
tonsill/o
tonsils
tonsillectomy
removal of the tonsils
trache/o
trachea, windpipe
tracheotomy
incision to the trachea
tracheal stenosis
narrowing of the trachea
-ema
condition
empyema
collection of pus in the pleural cavity
-osmia
smell
anosmia
loss of sense of smell
-pnea
breathing
apnea
lack of breathing
What does OSA stand for?
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
What does CPAP stand for?
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
sleep apnea
the sudden cessation of breathing during sleep as a result of hypoxia
-ptysis
spitting
hemoptysis
spitting blood
-sphyxia
pulse
asphyxia
lack of pulse
-thorax
pleural cavity, chest
hemothorax
blood in the pleural cavity, chest
pyothroax
pus in the chest cavity
auscultation
listing to sounds within the body
percussion
tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure
pleural rub (aka friction rub)
scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other
rales (crackles)
fine crackling sounds heard on auscultation (during inhalation) when there is fluid in the alveoli
rhonchi (singular: rhonchus)
loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum
sputum
material expelled from the bronchi, lungs, or upper respiratory tract by spitting
purulent
containing pus
what is blood-tinged sputum suggestive of?
tuberculosis or malignancy
sputum culture
the specimen is maintained in a nutrient medium to promote growth of a pathogen
culture and sensitivity (C&S)
studies identify the sputum pathogen an determine which antibiotic will be effective in destroying or reducing its growth
stridor
strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or larynx
wheezes
continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing
croup
acute viral infection of infants and children with obstruction of the larynx, accompanied by barking cough and stridor
what does RSV stand for?
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
diphtheria
acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by the diphtheria bacterium (corynebacterium)
epistaxis
nosebleed
pertussis
whooping cough; highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea caused by Bordetella pertussis
paroxysmal
violent, sudden
asthma
chronic bronchial inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction due to bronchial edema and constriction and increased mucus production
bronchodilator
asthma inhaler device
bronchiectasis
chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection
palliative
noncurative
chronic bronchitis
inflammation of bronchi persisting over a long time; type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
What does COPD stand for?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
cystic fibrosis
inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick mucinous secretions in the respiratory tract that do not drain normally
atelectasis
collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli
emphysema
hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls
cor pulmonale
failure of the right side of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to the lungs because of underlying lung disease
lung cancer
malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi
What does NSCLC stand for?
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
What does SCLC stand for?
Small Cell Lung Cancer
pneumoconiosis
abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs, with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis
anthracosis (aka black lung disease)
inhaling coal dust
anthrac/o
coal
asbestosis
inhaling asbestos particles, typical in shipbuilding and construction trades
asbest/o
asbestos
silicosis
inhaling silica or glass particles
silic/o
rocks
pneumonia
acute inflammation and infection of alveoli, which fill with pus or products of the inflammatory reaction
lobar pneumonia
involves the entire lobe of a lung
bronchopneumonia
a limited form of infection that produces patchy consolidation (abscesses) in the lung parenchyma
community-acquired pneumonia
results from a contagious respiratory infection caused by a variety of viruses and bacteria
hospital-acquired pneumonia or nosocomial pneumonia
acquired during hospitalization via mechanical ventilation or as a hospital-acquired infection
aspiration pneumonia
caused by material, such as food or vomitus, lodging in bronchi or lungs
pulmonary abscess
large collection of pus (bacterial infection) in the lungs
pulmonary edema
fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles
pulmonary embolism (PE)
clot or other material lodges in vessels of the lung
pulmonary infarction
occlusion can produce an area of dead (necrotic) tissue
pulmonary fibrosis
formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs
sarcoidosis
chronic inflammatory disease in which small nodules (granulomas) develop in lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs
tuberculosis (TB)
infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; lungs usually are involved, but any organ in the body may be affected
bacilli (singular: bacillus)
rod-shaped bacteria invade the lungs producing small tubercles of infection in TB
mesothelioma
rare malignant tumor arising in the pleura
pleural effusion
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space (cavity)
exudates
fluid from tumors and infections
transudates
fluid from congestive heart failure, pulmonary embolism, or cirrhosis)
Whare are the two types of pleural effusions?
- exudates
- transudates
pneumothorax
collection of air in the pleural space
pleurodesis
the artificial production of adhesions between the parietal and visceral pleura for treatment of persistent pneumothorax and severe pleural effusion
-desis
to bind
hydrothorax
collection of fluid in the pleural cavity
palliative
relieving symptoms but not curing the disease
chest x-ray (CXR)
radiographic image of the thoracic cavity (chest film)
computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest
computer-generated series of x-ray images show thoracic structures in cross section and other planes
What does CTPA stand for?
CT Pulmonary Angiography
CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA)
is the combination of CT scanning and angiography. It is useful to examine the pulmonary circulation in the diagnosis of a pulmonary embolism
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest
magnetic waves create detailed images of the chest in frontal, lateral (sagittal), and cross-sectional (axial) planes
positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the lung
Radioactive glucose is injected and images reveal metabolic activity in the lungs
ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
detection device records radioactivity in the lung after injection of a radioisotope or inhalation of small amount of radioactive gas (xenon)
bronchoscopy
fiberoptic endoscope examination of the bronchial tubes
bronchoalveolar lavage (bronchial washing)
fluid is injected and withdrawn
bronchial brushing
a brush is inserted through the bronchoscope and is used to scrape off tissue
endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)
is performed during bronchoscopy to diagnose and stage lung cancer. An EBUS-guided forceps biospy allows for sampling of small peripheral lesions endoscopically
endotracheal intubation
placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an airway
ventilator
an apparatus that moves air into and out of the lungs
laryngoscopy
visual examination of the voice box
lung bopsy
removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination
mediastinoscopy
endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
tests that measure the ventilation mechanics of the lungs: airway function, lung volume, and the capacity of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide efficiently
spirometer
measures the volume and rate of air passing into and out of the lung
What are 4 reasons why PFTs are used?
- to evaluate patients with shortness of breath (SOB)
- to monitor lung function in patients with known respiratory disease
- to evaluate disability
- to assess lung function before surgery
What does SOB stand for?
Shortness Of Breath
obstructive lung disease
airways are narrowed which results in resistance to air flow during breathing. A hallmark of this disease is decreased expiratory flow rate or FEV
What does FEV stand for?
Forced Expiratory Volume
restrictive lung disease
expansion of the lung is limited by disease that affects the chest wall, pleura, or lung tissue itself. A hallmark of this lung disease is decreased total lung capacity (TLC)
What does TLC stand for?
Total Lung Capacity
thoracentesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural space
thoracotomy
large surgical incision of the chest
thoracoscopy (thorascopy)
visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope
Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS)
allows the surgeon to view the chest from a video monitor
What does VATS stand for?
Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery
tracheostomy
surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck
trachotomy
is the incision necessary to create a tracheostomy
tuberculin test
determines past or present tuberculous infection based on a positive skin reaction
Heaf test and tine test
using purified protein derivative (PPD) applied with multiple punctures of the skin
What does PPD stand for?
Purified Protein Derivative
mantoux test
using PPD given by intradermal injection
tube thoracostomy
a flexible, plastic chest tube is passed into the pleural space through an opening in the chest
What does ABGs stand for?
Arterial Blood Gases
What does AFB stand for?
Acid-Fast Bacillus (the type of organism that causes tuberculosis)
What does ARDS stand for?
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (severe, sudden lung injury caused by acute illness)
What does BAL stand for?
Bronchoalveolar Lavage
What does Bronch stand for?
Bronchoscopy
What does CF stand for?
Cystic Fibrosis
What does CPAP stand for?
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
What does CPR stand for?
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
What are the 3 basic steps of CPR?
CAB =
Circulation restored by external cardiac compression
Airway opened by tilting the head
Breathing restored by mouth-to-mouth breathing
What does C&S stand for?
Culture and Sensitivity testing (of sputum)
What does DLco stand for?
Diffusion Capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide
What does DOE stand for?
Dyspnea on Exertion
What does DPT stand for?
Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus (toxoids for vaccination of infants, to provide immunity to these diseases)
What does FVC stand for?
Forced Vital Capacity (amount of gas that can be forcibly and rapidly exhaled after a full inspiration)
What does ICU stand for?
Intensive Care Unit
What does LLL stand for?
Left Lower Lobe (of the lung)
What does LUL stand for?
Left Upper Lobe (of the lung)
What does MDI stand for?
Metered-Dose Inhaler (used to deliver aerosolized medications to patients)
What does OSA stand for?
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
What does PaCO2 stand for?
Carbon Dioxide Partial Pressure (measure of the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood)
What does PaO2 stand for?
Oxygen Partial Pressure (a measure of the amount of oxygen in arterial blood)
What does PCP stand for?
Pneumocystis Pneumonia (a type of pneumonia seen in patients with AIDS or other immunosuppresion)
What does PE stand for?
Pulmonary Embolism
What does PEP stand for?
Positive Expiratory Pressure (mechanical ventilator strategy in which the patient takes a deep breath and then exhales through a device that resists air flow - helps refill underventilated areas of the lung)
What does PEEP stand for?
Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (common mechanical ventilator setting in which airway pressure is maintained above atmospheric pressure)
What does PFTs stand for?
Pulmonary Function Tests
What does PND stand for?
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
What does PPD stand for?
Purified Protein Derivative (substance used in a tuberculosis test)
What does RDS stand for?
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (in the newborn infant, a condition marked by dyspnea and cyanosis and related to the absence of surfactant, a substance that permits normal expansion of lungs; also called hyaline membrane disease)
What does RLL stand for?
Right Lower Lobe (of the lung)
What does RSV stand for?
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (a common cause of bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia, and the common cold, especially in children)
What does RUL stand for?
Right Upper Lobe (of the lung)
What does RV stand for?
Residual Volume (amount of air remaining in lungs at the end of maximal expiration)
What does SABA stand for?
Short-Acting Beta Agonist (for relief of asthma symptoms)
What does SCLC stand for?
Small Cell Lung Cancer
What does TB stand for?
Tuberculosis
What does TLC stand for?
Total Lung Capacity (amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal ventilation)
What does VC stand for?
Vital Capacity (equals inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume)
What does V/Q scan stand for?
Ventilation-Perfusion scan (radioactive test of lung ventilation and blood perfusion throughout the lung capillaries - lung scan)
V/Q scan
a radioactive test of lung ventilation and blood perfusion throughout the lung capillaries (lung scan)
What test measures the ability of gases to cross the alveolar-capillary membrane?
DLco - Diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide
What is a type of organism that causes tuberculosis?
AFB - Acid-fast bacillus
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
the amount of gas that can be forcibly and rapidly exhaled after a full inspiration
What is an MDI used for?
A metered-dose inhaler is used to deliver aerosolized medications to patients for asthma disease
What does PaCO2 measure?
Carbon dioxide partial pressure measures the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood
What does PaO2 measure?
Oxygen partial pressure measures the amount of oxygen in arterial blood
What is a type of pneumonia seen in patients with AIDS or other immunosuppression?
PCP - Pneumocystis pneumonia
What is a common mechanical ventilator setting in which airway pressure is maintained above atmospheric pressure?
PEEP - Positive end-expiratory pressure
What is a purified protein derivative?
a substance used in a tuberculosis test
What is residual volume?
the amount of air remaining in lungs at the end of maximal expiration
What is short-acting beta agonist?
used for relief of asthma symptoms
What is total lung capacity?
the volume of gas in the lungs at the end of maximal inspiration; equals VC plus RV (vital capacity + residual volume = TLC)
What is Vt?
Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal ventilation
vital capacity
equals inspiratory reserve volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume
