Module 13: Blood System Flashcards
What is the primary function of blood?
to maintain a constant environment for the other living tissues of the body
What is blood composed of?
cells or formed elements suspended in a clear, straw-coloured liquid
plasma
a clear straw-coloured liquid solution of water, proteins, sugar, salts, hormones, lipids, and vitamins
What makes up blood volume?
45% erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets or thrombocytes. The other 55% is plasma
Where do all blood cells originate from?
in the marrow cavity of bones
hematopoietic stem cells
cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells
differentiated
a process where the cells change in size and shape to become specialized
large cells are considered what?
immature cells
small cells are considered what?
mature cells
What does a red blood cell mature from?
an erythroblast to an erythrocyte
What does a mature red blood cell look like?
it loses its nuclease and assumes the shape of a biconcave disk - a depressed or hollow surface on each side of the cell resembling a cough drop with a thing central portion
what unique protein do red blood cells contain?
hemoglobin
What is hemoglobin composed of?
hemo (iron-containing pigment) and globin (protein) and this protein allows RBCs to carry oxygen
What is the combination of oxygen and hemoglobin?
oxyhemoglobin, which produces the bright red colour of blood
hematopoiesis
blood cell development
where are progenitor cells from?
derived from hematopoietic stem cells
what do myeloid progenitor cells turn into?
give rise to erythrocytes, megakaryoblasts, and myeloblasts
what do lymphoid progenitor cells turn into?
give rise to monoblasts and lymphoblasts
-blast
immature form of a cell
what are band cells?
identical to segmented granulocytes except that the nucleus is U-shaped and its lobes are connected by a band rather than by a thin thread as in segmented forms
which organ secretes erythropoietin?
a hormone secreted by the kidneys
-poiesis
formation
How long do erythrocytes live in the bloodstream?
120 days transporting gases in the bloodstream
What happens to erythrocytes once their lifespan ends?
macrophages destroy them in a process called hemolysis
What is the process called that destroys worn-out red blood cells?
hemolysis
what is heme?
a protein that releases iron and decomposed into a yellow-orange pigment called bilirubin
bilirubin
a yellow-orange pigment excreted into bile by the liver then enters the small intestine via the common bile duct. Finally excreted in the stool where its colour changes to brown
How many different types of mature leukocytes are there?
5
list the 5 different types of mature leukocytes
- neutrophil
- eosinophil
- basophil
- lymphocyte
- monocyte
granulocytes or polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)
the most numerous (about 60%) type of leukocyte
basophils
contain granules that stain dark blue with a basic (alkaline) dye
heparin
an anticlotting substance
histamine
a chemical released in allergic responses
eosinophils
contain granules that stain with eosin, a red acidic dye
when do eosinophils increase in the bloodstream?
when there is an allergic response to engulf the substances that triggered the allergies
neutrophils
contain granules that are neutral - they do not stain intensely and show only a pale colour
what do neutrophils (aka phagocytes) do?
they accumulate at sites of infection where they ingest and destroy bacteria
phag/o
to eat or swallow
what does CSFs stand for?
Colony-Stimulating Factors
colony-stimulating factors
promote growth of granulocytes in bone marrow
what does G-CSF stand for?
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factors
what does GM-CSF stand for?
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factors
What are G-CSF and GM-CSF given?
to restore granulocyte production in cancer patients
erythropoietin
like CSFs, can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques and stimulates red blood cell production
polymorphonuclear
have multilobed nuclei and polymorphonuclear granulocytes often describe the neutrophil which is the most numerous of the granulocytes
mononuclear
containing one large nucleus, leukocytes do not have large numbers of granules in their cytoplasm but they may have a few granules
lymphocytes
play an important role in the immune response that protects the body against infection. They can directly attack foreign matter and make antibodies
antibodies
cells that neutralize and can lead to the destruction of foreign antigens
antigens
bacteria and viruses
monocytes
are phagocytic cells that also fight disease
macrophages
move from the bloodstream into tissues and dispose of dead and dying cells and other tissue debris by phagocytosis
where are platelets formed?
they are actually blood cell fragments and are formed in bone marrow from giant cells with multilobed nuclei called megakaryocytes
what is the main function of platelets?
to help blood to clot
what are the 4 major proteins of plasma?
- albumin
- globulins
- fibrinogen
- prothrombin
albumin
maintains the proper proportion (and concentration) of water in the blood
edema
swelling that results when too much fluid from blood leaks out into tissues
what is a mild and severe form of edema?
mild form is when a person ingests too much salt and water is retained in the blood vs. a severe form is when a person is burned in a fire
What are the 3 types of globulins?
- alpha
- beta
- gamma
gamma globulins are immunoglobulins which are what?
which are antibodies that bind to and sometimes destroy antigens
What are examples of immunoglobulins?
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE
Where is IgG found?
found in high concentrations of plasma
where is IgA found?
found in breast milk, saliva, tears, and respiratory mucus
electrophoresis
method of seaparting serum proteins by electrical charge
plasmapheresis
the process of separating plasma from cells and then removing the plasma from the patient
-apheresis
to remove
What does a centrifuge do?
spins entire samples of blood and the plasma, being lighter in weight than the cells, moves to the top of the sample to be able to review the composition of the blood sample
What is a transfusion?
whole blood (cells and plasma) are used to replace blood lost after injury, during surgery, or in severe shock
what type of transfusion foes a patient who is severely anemic require?
they need only red blood cells and will receive a transfusion of packed red cells (whole blood with most of the plasma removed)
What are the 4 main blood types?
- A
- B
- AB
- O
Can you transfuse blood to people with different blood types?
NO, there are harmful effects that occur when two different blood types are transfused
What does DIC stand for?
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
What is disseminated intravascular coagulation?
a life-threatening condition that involves excessive clotting in blood vessels
Rh factor
named because it was first found in the blood of a rhesus monkey
What does Rh positive (Rh+) refer to?
a person who is born with the Rh antigen on his or her blood cells
What does Rh negative (Rh-) refer to?
a person who does not have the Rh antigen
What does it mean when a woman has an A+ (A positive) blood type?
it means that she was born with both A antigen and Eh antigen on her red blood cells
What does it mean when a man has B- (B negative) blood type?
this means he was born with the B antigen on his red blood cells but not Rh antigen
coagulation
blood clotting, is a complicated process involving many different substances and chemical reactions
fibrin clot
is the result of coagulation after about 15 minutes from the plasma protein fibrinogen
-gen
giving rise to
serum
a clear fluid that is left behind when the fibrin clot retracts into a tight ball
what do anticoagulant substances do?
in the blood they inhibit blood clotting, so clots do not form
heparin
is a substance produced by tissue cells (especially in the liver), is an example of an anticoagulant
What is Warfarin (Coumadin)?
a drug given to patients with thromboembolic diseases to prevent the formation of clots
fibrin
a protein that forms the basis of a blood clot
fibrinogen
a plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process
reticulocyte
immature erythrocyte. A network of strands (reticulin) is seen after staining the cell with special dyes
stem cell
an unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms. A hematopoietic stem cell is the progenitor for all different types of blood cells
bas/o
base (alkaline, the opposite of acid)
chrom/o
colour
coagul/o
clotting
cyt/o
cell
eosin/o
red, dawn, rosy
erythr/o
red
granul/o
granules
hem/o
blood
hemat/o
blood
hemoglobin/o
hemoglobin
is/o
same, equal
kary/o
nucleus
leuk/o
white
mon/o
one, single
morph/o
shape, form
myel/o
bone marrow
neutr/o
neutral (neither base nor acid)
nucle/o
nucleus
phag/o
eat, or swallow
poikil/o
varied, irregular
sider/o
iron
spher/o
globe, round
thromb/o
clot
-apheresis
removal, a carrying away
-blast
immature cell, embryonic
-cytosis
abnormal condition of cells (increase in cells)
-emia
blood condition
-gen
giving rise to; producing
-globin
protein
-globulin
protein
-lytic
pertaining to destruction
-oid
derived or originating from
-osis
abnormal condition
-penia
deficiency
-phage
eat, swallow
-philia
attraction for (an increase in cell numbers)
-phoresis
carrying, transmission
-poiesis
formation
-stasis
stop, control
anisocytosis
cells are unequal in size
hypochromia
cells have reduced colour (less hemoglobin)
macrocytosis
cells are large
microcytosis
cells are small
poikilocytosis
cells are irregularly shaped
sphereocytosis
cells are rounded
dyscrasia
any abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood (disease)
anemia
deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin
what is the most common type of anemia?
iron deficiency anemia
what are 5 types of anemia?
- aplastic
- hemolytic
- pernicious
- sickle cell
- thalassemia
aplastic anemia
failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
idiopathic
unknown cause of disease
pancytopenia
occurs when stem cells fail to produce leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes
hemolytic anemia
reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction
What is one example of hemolytic anemia?
congenital spherocytic anemia (hereditary spherocytosis)
pernicious anemia
lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream
intrinsic factor
a special substance that aids blood absorption that can normally be found in gastric juices
sickle cell anemia
hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle-shaped erythrocytes and hemolysis
thalassemia
inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin, leading to hypochromia
hemochromatosis
excess iron deposits throughout the body
polycythemia vera
general increase in red blood cells (erythremia)
hemophilia
excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of blood clotting factors (factor VIII or IX) necessary of blood clotting
purpura
multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin
petechiae
tiny purple or red spots appearing on the skin as a result of hemorrages
ecchymoses
larger blue or purplish patches on the skin (bruises)
What might cause pupura?
caused by having too few platelets (thrombocytopenia)
autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura
a condition in which a patient makes an antibody that destroys platelets
leukemia
increase in cancerous white blood cells (leukocytes)
List the 4 different types of leukemia
- acute myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia (AML)
- acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
- chronic myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia (CML)
- chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
acute myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia (AML)
immature granulocytes (myeloblasts) predominate and platelets and erythrocytes are diminished because of infiltration and replacement of the bone marrow by large numbers of myeloblasts
acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) predominate, this form is seen most often in children and adolescents (onset is sudden)
chronic myelogenous (myelocytic) leukemia (CML)
both mature and immature granulocytes are present in large numbers in the marrow and blood
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
abnormal numbers of relatively mature lymphocytes predominate in the marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen
what is the most common form of leukemia that occurs in the elderly?
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
granulocytosis
abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood
eosinophilia
an increase in eosinophilic granulocytes - seen in certain allergic conditions
basophilia
an increase in basophilic granulocytes seen in certain types of leukemia
mononculeosis
infectious disease marked by increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
a virus that is used to transmit the mononucleosis disease
multiple myeloma
malignant neoplasm of bone marrow
Bence Jones protein
an immunoglobulin fragment found in urine
palliative
relieving symptoms
example of palliative drugs
thalidomide and velcade
autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT)
in which the patient serves as their own donor for stem cells, may lead to prolonged remission
What is there an increase of in acute myeloid leukemia?
malignant immature leukocytes
antiglobulin test (Coombs test)
test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes
bleeding time
time required for blood to stop flowing from a tiny puncture wound
What is the normal bleeding time for a tiny puncture wound?
8 minutes or less
coagulation time
time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube
What is the normal coagulation time?
less than 15 minutes
complete blood count (CBC)
determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell values - MCH, MCV, MCHC
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma
hematocrit (Hct)
percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood
hemoglobin test (H, Hg, HGB)
total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood
platelet count
number of platelets per cubic millimeter (mm3) or microliter (μL) of blood
prothrombin time (PT)
test of the ability of blood to clot
what is the average platelet count?
150,000 and 350,000 per mm3
partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
a blood clotting test that measures other clotting factors which is often done at the same time of a PT test
red blood cell count (RBC)
number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter (mm3) or microliter (μL) of blood
what is a normal number of a red blood count?
4-6 per mm3 (or μL)
red blood cell morphology
microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells
white blood cell count (WBC)
number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter (mm3) or microliter (μL) of blood
what is a normal amount of leukocytes?
5000 - 10,000 per mm3 (or μL)whit
e blood cell differential [count]
percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood
what does the term “shift to the left” mean?
it describes an increase in immature neutrophiles in the blood
apheresis
separation of blood into counterpart and removal of a select portion from the blood
plasma exchange
plasma is removed from the patient and fresh plasma is given
blood transfusion
whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient
autologous transfusion
the collection and later reinfusion of a patient’s own blood or blood components
packed cells
a presentation of red blood cells separated from liquid plasma and administered in severe anemia to restore levels of hemoglobin and red blood cells without over diluting the blood with excess fluids
bone marrow biopsy
microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle
bone marrow aspiration
the procedure where bone marrow is removed by brief suction produced by a syringe
hematopoietic stem cells transplantation
peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient
autologous stem cell transplantation
the patient’s own stem cells are collected, stored, and reinfused after potent chemotherapy
leukapheresis
separation of blood cells that removes large numbers of white blood cells and returns red cells. platelets, and plasma to the patient
bone marrow transplantation
bone marrow cells are used instead of peripheral stem cells in a similar procedure to autologous stem cell transplantation
graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
the immunocompetent cells in the donor’s tissue recognize the recipient’s tissues as foreign and attack them
immunosuppressive drugs
preventative drugs standard for patient’s undergoing allogenic transplants
examples of immunosuppressive drugs
cyclosporine and methotrexate
bands
immature white blood cells (granulocytes)
What does BMT stand for?
Bone Marrow Transplantation
What does CBC stand for?
Complete Blood Count
What does DIC stand for?
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
disseminated intravascular coagulation
a bleeding disorder marked by reduction in blood clotting factors due to their use and depletion for intravascular clotting
diff
differential count (white blood cells)
What does EBV stand for?
Epstein-Barr Virus
What does ESR stand for?
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
What does G-CSF stand for?
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor
What does GM-CSF stand for?
Granulocyte- Macrophage Colony
what is g/dL?
gram per deciliter (1 deciliter = one tenth of a liter; 1 liter = 1.057 quarts)
What does GVHD stand for?
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
What does HCL stand for?
Hairy Cell Leukemia
hairy cell leukemia
abnormal lymphocytes accumulate in bone marrow, leading to anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and infection
What does Hct stand for?
Hematocrit
What does Hgb (or HGB) stand for?
Hemoglobin
What does H and H stand for?
Hemoglobin and Hematocrit
What does HLA stand for?
Human Leukocyte Antigen
What does IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM stand for?
Immunoglobulins
lymphs
lymphocytes
What does MCH stand for?
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin
What does MCHC stand for?
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration
What does MCV stand for?
Mean Coruscular Volume
What does MDS stand for?
Myelodysplastic Syndrome
What does polys, PMNs, and PMNLs stand for?
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes; neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
What does PT and pro time stand for?
Prothrombin Time
What does PTT stand for?
Partial Thromboplastin Time
What does sed rate stand for?
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
What does segs stand for?
Segmented, Mature White Blood Cells (neutrophils)
What does SMAC stand for?
Sequential Multiple Analyzer Computer
sequential multiple analyzer computer
an automated chemistry system that determines substances in serum
What does WNL stand for?
Within Normal Limits
