Module 2: Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole Flashcards
What is an atom?
The basic unit of all matter. Different types with their own name, mass, and size
What is a molecule?
Composed of one or more atoms. Molecules are the smallest property of a substance
What is an organelle?
Composed of more than one molecule to create complex structures that are membrane-bound and perform specific functions within a cell
What is a cell?
Is a fundamental unit of all living tissue
What is the cell membrane?
Each cell has a protective outer layer and regulates the exchange of materials between the cell and its environment
What is cytoplasm?
Inside each cell is a gelatinous substance that holds the organelles
What is the nucleus?
The central controlling body of the cell that regulates cell reproduction and determines the function of that cell
Cyt/o
Cell
-plasm
Formation
Nucle/o
Nucleus
What are chromosomes?
Rod-like structures within the nucleus. All cells have 46 except for mature sex cells which have 26 and unite during fertilization
What is deoxyribonucleic acid?
DNA
What is DNA?
A code that directs the activities of the cell
What are genes?
Regions inside chromosome that each contain a chemical called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Chrom/o
Colour
-some
Body
What is the importance of a genetic code?
They determine our individual traits like hair colour, skin colour, and eye colour
What is a karyotype?
A microscopic photograph of chromosomes within the nucleus and is used to study the form, number, size, and arrangement
Kary/o
Nucleus
-type
Picture or classification
Why do we study karyotypes?
To ensure the developing fetus has the correct number of chromosomes per cell
What happens if there is an abnormal number (too many or too few) of chromosomes per cell?
An abnormal karyotype can indicate significant challenges for the fetus, like Down Syndrome aka Trisomy 21 Syndrome (47 instead of 46 chromosomes)
What is the Mitochondria? (sing. mitochondrion)
An organelle that provides the main source of energy for a cell and has both an outer and inner membrane
Describe the inner membrane of the mitochondria
It is convoluted forming folds called cristae (sing. crista). The energy level of the cell is related to how many mitochondria it has and how many cristae are in each one
How do mitochondria produce energy for the cell?
Through a process called catabolism
What is catabolism?
Complex nutrients are broken down into simpler substances. Those substances are burned in the presence of oxygen and the released energy is made available for the work of the cell
Cata-
Down
Bol/o
To cast
-ism
Process or condition
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
A network of canals distributed throughout the cytoplasm
What are ribosomes?
Attach themselves to the endoplasmic reticulum and manufactures proteins for the cell
How do ribosomes manufacture proteins for the cell?
They synthesize proteins with the cell converting simple proteins into complex compounds in a process called anabolism
Ana-
Up
Bol
To cast
What does anabolism do?
It supports new cell growth
What is metabolism?
Uses both processes (catabolism and anabolism) and is the sum of all chemical processes that happen in the cells of living organisms to sustain life
Meta-
Change
What are muscle cells?
They make it possible for the body to move because they can contract. They are made up of tiny fibers that forcefully slide together
What are epithelial cells?
They form linings of the internal organs and outer surfaces of the skin/ body. This cell is usually flat and square
What are nerve cells?
They have long extensions to help transmit impulses to and from the brain (kind of like tree branches)
What are fat cells?
Large with little cytoplasm and a displaced nucleus to allow for more fat storage (kind of like an egg)
What is tissue?
A collection of similar cells that perform a particular function. Different types of tissue can combine into organs
What are the different types of tissue?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve
Hist/o
Tissue
What is epithelial tissue?
Forms the outer covering of the body and lines cavities, internal organs, or viscera. Offers protection from injury/ disease and performs absorption, secretion, and sensation functions
Epi-
Above
Viscer/o
Viscera
What is muscle tissue?
Composed of slender cells called fibers which enable movement by contracting
What are the different types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac
What is skeletal muscle tissue?
Attaches to the bones and is called voluntary muscle tissue because its contractions are consciously controlled
What is smooth muscle tissue?
Found in the hollow internal structures such as the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels and has involuntary muscle movement
What is cardiac muscle tissue?
Comprises the walls of the heart and has involuntary muscle movement
What is connective tissue?
Tissue that supports and shapes the body, binds internal organs in place, and transports substances between body parts
What is are examples of connective tissue?
Bone, cartilage, adipose (fatty tissue), and blood
Chondr/o
Cartilage
Adip/o
Fat or fatty tissue
What is nerve tissue?
Found in nerve cells, spinal cord, and the brain and coordinates/ controls body activities. All cells have the ability to react to stimuli and conduct impulses to various organs in the body
Neur/o
Nerves
What are organs?
A group of tissues that work together to do a specific job
What is the medical term for internal body organs
Viscera (sing. viscus)
What is a body system?
A group of organs that work together to perform related functions
Which organs make up the digestive system?
The mouth, throat (or pharynx), esophagus, gallbladder, liver, pancreas, small intestines, and large intestines
urin/o
Urine
-ary
Pertaining to
re-
again
spir/o
to breathe
endo-
within
-crine
to secrete
cardi/o
Heart
vascul/o
Vessel
-ar
Pertaining to
muscul/o
Muscle
Skelet/o
Skeleton
-al
Pertaining to
Integument
Covering
What is the urinary system?
Consists of all the organs involved with the production and elimination of urine
What organs make up the urinary system?
The kidneys, ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra
What are ureters?
Tubes from the kidney to the urinary bladder
What is the urethra?
A tub from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
What is micturition or voiding?
When the urine travels down the ureters to the urinary bladder and out of the body through the urethra
Urinary
Excretory; Pertaining to urine
Cardiovascular
Circulatory; Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels
Musculoskeletal
Pertaining to muscles and the skeleton
Ingementuary
Pertaining to covering or skin
What is respiration?
It is the process of breathing
What organs make up the respiratory system?
The nose, pharynx, larynx (or voice box), trachea (or windpipe), bronchial tubes, and lungs
laryng/o
Larynx
trache/o
Trachea
List 10 body systems
- Digestive
- Cardiovascular
- Lymphatic
- Musculoskeletal
- Integumentary
- Respiratory
- Urinary
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Male and Female Reproductive
How does the endocrine system function?
It functions to manufacture special chemicals called hormones and secrete them into the bloodstream where they affect the body’s processes such as growth and metabolic rate
What organs make up the endocrine system?
The thyroid gland (in the neck), pituitary gland (at the base of the brain), sex glands (ovaries and testes), adrenal glands, pancreas, and parathyroid glands
What is cartilage?
Flexible connective tissue attached to bones at joints
What is adenohypophysis?
aka the anterior pituitary, is the frontal lobe of the pituitary gland. It produces hormones that regulate many bodily functions e.g., endorphins
What organs make up the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic vessels, nodes, spleen, and thymus
What is the function of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems?
Transporting hormones and fluids to and from the body’s cells delivered to various sites of the body via blood and lymph
What does the musculoskeletal system do?
It provides a frame for the body as well as a mechanism for movement
What makes up the musculoskeletal system?
Highly specialized connective tissue (bone and cartilage), joints, and cardiac, visceral, and skeletal muscle
What organs make up the nervous system?
The brain, spinal cord, nerves, and groups of nerves called ganglia (sing. ganglion)
What organ(s) make up the integumentary system?
Skin and additional accessory structures like hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands
What is the function of the integumentary system?
Plays a special role as a sense organ, provide protection to internal organs, helps regulate body temperature, and aids excretion of certain waste products
What is the function of the reproductive systems?
This system enables the conception and development of offspring
What organs make up the women reproductive system?
Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (or womb), vagina, and mammary glands
What organs make up the male reproductive system?
The testes (sing. testis), epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, prostate, and penis
What organs make up the cardiovascular system?
The heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
What organs make up the lymphatic system?
Lymph nodes, vessels, the spleen, and thymus gland
What are body cavities?
Internal spaces in the body that contain body organs
List the 5 body cavities
- Cranial
- Thoracic
- Abdominal
- Pelvic
- Spinal
Posterior
Back
Crani/o
Skull
Spin/o
Spinal
What is contained in the dorsal cavity?
The cranial and spinal cavity because they are at the back of the body
What is contained in the cranial cavity?
Contains the brain and the pituitary gland
What is contained in the spinal cavity?
The nerves of the spinal cord
Anterior
Front
What cavities are found in the ventral cavity?
Thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic because they are found in the front of the body
Ventral
Comes from the Latin word “belly” meaning front
What is contained in the thoracic cavity?
The space between the base of the neck and the diaphragm that contains the lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, and thymus gland
What are the two smaller cavities located in the thoracic cavity called?
The pleural cavity and the mediastinum
What is the pleura?
A membrane that folds back onto itself to form a double-layered membrane structure
What is the inner membrane of the pleura called?
The visceral pleura; covers the lungs and adjoining structures
What is the outer membrane of the pleura called?
The parietal pleura; it is attached to the chest wall
Where is the pleural cavity located?
The space between the inner and outer membrane which usually contains pleural fluid
Where is the mediastinum located?
Centrally located space outside of and between the lungs. It contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes
What is contained in the abdominal cavity?
The space below the chest containing the stomach, small and large intestines, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen
Abdomin/o
Abdominal
What is the peritoneum?
An extensive double-layered membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
Important note about the abdominal cavity
Some of the large intestine extends into the pelvic cavity
Pelv/i
Pelvic
What does the pelvic cavity contain?
Located below the abdomen it contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of the intestine, and the rectum
What is the abdominopelvic cavity?
The common term used because the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity are not separated by a dividing structure
How many anatomic divisions or regions are there in the abdominopelvic cavity?
9
Where are the hypochondriac regions located?
The upper right and left sections of the abdominopelvic
Where is the epigastric region located?
Above the stomach separating the hypochondriac regions
Where are the lumbar regions located?
The right and left sections of the middle of the abdominopelvic
Where is the umbilical region located?
The middle of the abdominopelvic where the navel or umbilicus is located
Umbilic/o
Umbilicus
Where are the inguinal or iliac regions located?
The right and left lower sections of the abdominopelvic region because of their proximity to the ilium (hip bone)
ili/o
Ilium
inguin/o
Groin
Where is the hypogastric region located?
The lower section below the umbilicus or below the stomach
hypo-
Below
What is contained in the right upper quadrant (RUQ)?
The right lobe of the liver, gallbladder, part of the pancreas, portions of the small/large intestines, and the right kidney
What is contained in the left upper quadrant (LUQ)?
The left lobe of the liver, stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, portions of the small/large intestines, and the left kidney
What is contained in the right lower quadrant (RLQ)?
Part of the small/large intestines, appendix, right ureter, right fallopian tube and ovary, right spermatic duct (in men)
What is contained in the left lower quadrant (LLQ)?
Portions of the intestinal tract, left ureter, left fallopian tube and ovary, left spermatic duct (in men)
How do you read abdominopelvic regions and quadrants?
The left and right are based on the patient’s body and not how you view them. Take your right arm and put it on the right-hand side of someone in front of you
What is the spinal column?
A flexible structure that extends from the base of the skull down the length of the back
How many vertebrae (sing. vertebra) are there in adults?
There are 26 bones separated by discs
What separates vertebrae in the spinal column?
Round, flat cartilage pads called discs
Where are the discs located (technically speaking)?
Located in the intervertebral spaces
inter-
between
vertebr/o
vertebrae
-al
Pertaining to
How many regions are there in the spinal vertebrae?
5 regions
How many vertebrae are located in the cervical or neck region?
7; C1 to C7
How many vertebrae are located in the thoracic region?
There are 12 joined to each rib; T1 to T12
How many vertebrae are located in the lumbar region?
5; L1 to L5
Lumb/o
Lower back
How many vertebrae are located in the sacral region?
One composite bone composed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae
How many vertebrae are located in the coccygeal region?
Consists of one small bone called the coccyx (or tailbone) formed from the union of 4 vertebrae
What is the coccyx?
The tailbone
Coccyg/o
Tailbone
-eal
Pertaining to
What is the lumbosacral region?
A combined region of the lumbar and sacrum regions
What is the cervicothoracic region?
A combined region of the cervical and thoracic regions
Where is the spinal cord located specifically?
Lodged within the spinal column is the spinal cavity which protects the spinal cord
What is the spinal cord?
An important part of the central nervous system that serves as a conduction path to and from the brain
Intervertebral
Pertaining to between the vertebrae
Cervical
Pertaining to the neck region
Lumbar
Pertaining to the lower back
Coccygeal
Pertaining to the tailbone
Lumbosacral
Pertaining to the lower back and fused region of the spine
Cervicothoracic
Pertaining to both the neck and chest
What is the anatomic positon?
The body is in an erect or standing posture, facing directly forward with arms hanging down by the sides and palms facing forward
Anter/o
Anterior; front or in front of
Which two words can be used interchangeably to mean front?
Ventral and Anterior
Poster/o
Posterior; back or back of
Which two words can be used interchangeable to mean the back?
Dorsal and posterior
Super/o
Superior; above
Cephal/o
Head
Cephalic
Pertaining to the head
Cephalad direction
Toward the head
-ad
towards
Infer/o
Inferior; below
Caud/o
Caudal or caudad; tail or lower part of the body
Which two terms mean below the body or toward the feet?
Inferior and Caudal (or caudad)
Later/o
Lateral
Lateral
Pertaining to the side or to the side of the body
Medi/o
Medial
Medial
Pertaining to the middle or toward the midline of the body
Proxim/o
Proximal
Proximal
Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure
Dist/o
Distal
Distal
Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure
Deep injury
One that has penetrated toward the interior of the body/ away from the surface
Superficial injury
Is nearer to the surface involving scraping or rubbing away the uppermost layer of skin
Supine position
Means lying on the back, face up
Prone position
Means lying on the stomach, face down
What are the three major planes of the body called?
Frontal (coronal), Sagittal (lateral), and Transverse (cross-sectional)
Frontal plane
Is a lengthwise vertical plane that divides the body into posterior and anterior portions
Sagittal plane
Running lengthwise from front to back, divides the body into right and left portions
Transerve plane
Runs horizontal through the body, dividing it into upper and lower portions and is sometimes called the axial plane
Midsagittal
Divides the body into right and left halves
Lymphadenopathy
A condition where the lymph nodes are swollen or an abnormal size
Percussed
Gently tap a part of the body with fingers or an instrument as part of a diagnosis
Auscultation
Listening to the sounds of the body during a physical examination using a stethoscope
What does IV stand for?
Intravenous
