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Medical Terminology > Module 2: Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole > Flashcards

Module 2: Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole Flashcards

1
Q

What is an atom?

A

The basic unit of all matter. Different types with their own name, mass, and size

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2
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Composed of one or more atoms. Molecules are the smallest property of a substance

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3
Q

What is an organelle?

A

Composed of more than one molecule to create complex structures that are membrane-bound and perform specific functions within a cell

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4
Q

What is a cell?

A

Is a fundamental unit of all living tissue

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5
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

Each cell has a protective outer layer and regulates the exchange of materials between the cell and its environment

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6
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Inside each cell is a gelatinous substance that holds the organelles

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7
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The central controlling body of the cell that regulates cell reproduction and determines the function of that cell

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8
Q

Cyt/o

A

Cell

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9
Q

-plasm

A

Formation

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10
Q

Nucle/o

A

Nucleus

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11
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Rod-like structures within the nucleus. All cells have 46 except for mature sex cells which have 26 and unite during fertilization

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12
Q

What is deoxyribonucleic acid?

A

DNA

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13
Q

What is DNA?

A

A code that directs the activities of the cell

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14
Q

What are genes?

A

Regions inside chromosome that each contain a chemical called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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15
Q

Chrom/o

A

Colour

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16
Q

-some

A

Body

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17
Q

What is the importance of a genetic code?

A

They determine our individual traits like hair colour, skin colour, and eye colour

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18
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A microscopic photograph of chromosomes within the nucleus and is used to study the form, number, size, and arrangement

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19
Q

Kary/o

A

Nucleus

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20
Q

-type

A

Picture or classification

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21
Q

Why do we study karyotypes?

A

To ensure the developing fetus has the correct number of chromosomes per cell

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22
Q

What happens if there is an abnormal number (too many or too few) of chromosomes per cell?

A

An abnormal karyotype can indicate significant challenges for the fetus, like Down Syndrome aka Trisomy 21 Syndrome (47 instead of 46 chromosomes)

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23
Q

What is the Mitochondria? (sing. mitochondrion)

A

An organelle that provides the main source of energy for a cell and has both an outer and inner membrane

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24
Q

Describe the inner membrane of the mitochondria

A

It is convoluted forming folds called cristae (sing. crista). The energy level of the cell is related to how many mitochondria it has and how many cristae are in each one

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25
Q

How do mitochondria produce energy for the cell?

A

Through a process called catabolism

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26
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Complex nutrients are broken down into simpler substances. Those substances are burned in the presence of oxygen and the released energy is made available for the work of the cell

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27
Q

Cata-

A

Down

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28
Q

Bol/o

A

To cast

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29
Q

-ism

A

Process or condition

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30
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A network of canals distributed throughout the cytoplasm

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31
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Attach themselves to the endoplasmic reticulum and manufactures proteins for the cell

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32
Q

How do ribosomes manufacture proteins for the cell?

A

They synthesize proteins with the cell converting simple proteins into complex compounds in a process called anabolism

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33
Q

Ana-

A

Up

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34
Q

Bol

A

To cast

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35
Q

What does anabolism do?

A

It supports new cell growth

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36
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Uses both processes (catabolism and anabolism) and is the sum of all chemical processes that happen in the cells of living organisms to sustain life

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37
Q

Meta-

A

Change

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38
Q

What are muscle cells?

A

They make it possible for the body to move because they can contract. They are made up of tiny fibers that forcefully slide together

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39
Q

What are epithelial cells?

A

They form linings of the internal organs and outer surfaces of the skin/ body. This cell is usually flat and square

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40
Q

What are nerve cells?

A

They have long extensions to help transmit impulses to and from the brain (kind of like tree branches)

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41
Q

What are fat cells?

A

Large with little cytoplasm and a displaced nucleus to allow for more fat storage (kind of like an egg)

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42
Q

What is tissue?

A

A collection of similar cells that perform a particular function. Different types of tissue can combine into organs

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43
Q

What are the different types of tissue?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve

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44
Q

Hist/o

A

Tissue

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45
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Forms the outer covering of the body and lines cavities, internal organs, or viscera. Offers protection from injury/ disease and performs absorption, secretion, and sensation functions

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46
Q

Epi-

A

Above

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47
Q

Viscer/o

A

Viscera

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48
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

Composed of slender cells called fibers which enable movement by contracting

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49
Q

What are the different types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac

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50
Q

What is skeletal muscle tissue?

A

Attaches to the bones and is called voluntary muscle tissue because its contractions are consciously controlled

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51
Q

What is smooth muscle tissue?

A

Found in the hollow internal structures such as the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels and has involuntary muscle movement

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52
Q

What is cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Comprises the walls of the heart and has involuntary muscle movement

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53
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Tissue that supports and shapes the body, binds internal organs in place, and transports substances between body parts

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54
Q

What is are examples of connective tissue?

A

Bone, cartilage, adipose (fatty tissue), and blood

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55
Q

Chondr/o

A

Cartilage

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56
Q

Adip/o

A

Fat or fatty tissue

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57
Q

What is nerve tissue?

A

Found in nerve cells, spinal cord, and the brain and coordinates/ controls body activities. All cells have the ability to react to stimuli and conduct impulses to various organs in the body

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58
Q

Neur/o

A

Nerves

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59
Q

What are organs?

A

A group of tissues that work together to do a specific job

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60
Q

What is the medical term for internal body organs

A

Viscera (sing. viscus)

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61
Q

What is a body system?

A

A group of organs that work together to perform related functions

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62
Q

Which organs make up the digestive system?

A

The mouth, throat (or pharynx), esophagus, gallbladder, liver, pancreas, small intestines, and large intestines

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63
Q

urin/o

A

Urine

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64
Q

-ary

A

Pertaining to

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65
Q

re-

A

again

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66
Q

spir/o

A

to breathe

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67
Q

endo-

A

within

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68
Q

-crine

A

to secrete

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69
Q

cardi/o

A

Heart

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70
Q

vascul/o

A

Vessel

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71
Q

-ar

A

Pertaining to

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72
Q

muscul/o

A

Muscle

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73
Q

Skelet/o

A

Skeleton

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74
Q

-al

A

Pertaining to

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75
Q

Integument

A

Covering

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76
Q

What is the urinary system?

A

Consists of all the organs involved with the production and elimination of urine

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77
Q

What organs make up the urinary system?

A

The kidneys, ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra

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78
Q

What are ureters?

A

Tubes from the kidney to the urinary bladder

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79
Q

What is the urethra?

A

A tub from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

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80
Q

What is micturition or voiding?

A

When the urine travels down the ureters to the urinary bladder and out of the body through the urethra

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81
Q

Urinary

A

Excretory; Pertaining to urine

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82
Q

Cardiovascular

A

Circulatory; Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels

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83
Q

Musculoskeletal

A

Pertaining to muscles and the skeleton

84
Q

Ingementuary

A

Pertaining to covering or skin

85
Q

What is respiration?

A

It is the process of breathing

86
Q

What organs make up the respiratory system?

A

The nose, pharynx, larynx (or voice box), trachea (or windpipe), bronchial tubes, and lungs

87
Q

laryng/o

A

Larynx

88
Q

trache/o

A

Trachea

89
Q

List 10 body systems

A
  1. Digestive
  2. Cardiovascular
  3. Lymphatic
  4. Musculoskeletal
  5. Integumentary
  6. Respiratory
  7. Urinary
  8. Nervous
  9. Endocrine
  10. Male and Female Reproductive
90
Q

How does the endocrine system function?

A

It functions to manufacture special chemicals called hormones and secrete them into the bloodstream where they affect the body’s processes such as growth and metabolic rate

91
Q

What organs make up the endocrine system?

A

The thyroid gland (in the neck), pituitary gland (at the base of the brain), sex glands (ovaries and testes), adrenal glands, pancreas, and parathyroid glands

92
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Flexible connective tissue attached to bones at joints

93
Q

What is adenohypophysis?

A

aka the anterior pituitary, is the frontal lobe of the pituitary gland. It produces hormones that regulate many bodily functions e.g., endorphins

94
Q

What organs make up the lymphatic system?

A

The lymphatic vessels, nodes, spleen, and thymus

95
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems?

A

Transporting hormones and fluids to and from the body’s cells delivered to various sites of the body via blood and lymph

96
Q

What does the musculoskeletal system do?

A

It provides a frame for the body as well as a mechanism for movement

97
Q

What makes up the musculoskeletal system?

A

Highly specialized connective tissue (bone and cartilage), joints, and cardiac, visceral, and skeletal muscle

98
Q

What organs make up the nervous system?

A

The brain, spinal cord, nerves, and groups of nerves called ganglia (sing. ganglion)

99
Q

What organ(s) make up the integumentary system?

A

Skin and additional accessory structures like hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands

100
Q

What is the function of the integumentary system?

A

Plays a special role as a sense organ, provide protection to internal organs, helps regulate body temperature, and aids excretion of certain waste products

101
Q

What is the function of the reproductive systems?

A

This system enables the conception and development of offspring

102
Q

What organs make up the women reproductive system?

A

Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (or womb), vagina, and mammary glands

103
Q

What organs make up the male reproductive system?

A

The testes (sing. testis), epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct, prostate, and penis

104
Q

What organs make up the cardiovascular system?

A

The heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries

105
Q

What organs make up the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph nodes, vessels, the spleen, and thymus gland

106
Q

What are body cavities?

A

Internal spaces in the body that contain body organs

107
Q

List the 5 body cavities

A
  1. Cranial
  2. Thoracic
  3. Abdominal
  4. Pelvic
  5. Spinal
108
Q

Posterior

A

Back

109
Q

Crani/o

A

Skull

110
Q

Spin/o

A

Spinal

111
Q

What is contained in the dorsal cavity?

A

The cranial and spinal cavity because they are at the back of the body

112
Q

What is contained in the cranial cavity?

A

Contains the brain and the pituitary gland

113
Q

What is contained in the spinal cavity?

A

The nerves of the spinal cord

114
Q

Anterior

A

Front

115
Q

What cavities are found in the ventral cavity?

A

Thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic because they are found in the front of the body

116
Q

Ventral

A

Comes from the Latin word “belly” meaning front

117
Q

What is contained in the thoracic cavity?

A

The space between the base of the neck and the diaphragm that contains the lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, and thymus gland

118
Q

What are the two smaller cavities located in the thoracic cavity called?

A

The pleural cavity and the mediastinum

119
Q

What is the pleura?

A

A membrane that folds back onto itself to form a double-layered membrane structure

120
Q

What is the inner membrane of the pleura called?

A

The visceral pleura; covers the lungs and adjoining structures

121
Q

What is the outer membrane of the pleura called?

A

The parietal pleura; it is attached to the chest wall

122
Q

Where is the pleural cavity located?

A

The space between the inner and outer membrane which usually contains pleural fluid

123
Q

Where is the mediastinum located?

A

Centrally located space outside of and between the lungs. It contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes

124
Q

What is contained in the abdominal cavity?

A

The space below the chest containing the stomach, small and large intestines, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen

125
Q

Abdomin/o

A

Abdominal

126
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

An extensive double-layered membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

127
Q

Important note about the abdominal cavity

A

Some of the large intestine extends into the pelvic cavity

128
Q

Pelv/i

A

Pelvic

129
Q

What does the pelvic cavity contain?

A

Located below the abdomen it contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of the intestine, and the rectum

130
Q

What is the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

The common term used because the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity are not separated by a dividing structure

131
Q

How many anatomic divisions or regions are there in the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

9

132
Q

Where are the hypochondriac regions located?

A

The upper right and left sections of the abdominopelvic

133
Q

Where is the epigastric region located?

A

Above the stomach separating the hypochondriac regions

134
Q

Where are the lumbar regions located?

A

The right and left sections of the middle of the abdominopelvic

135
Q

Where is the umbilical region located?

A

The middle of the abdominopelvic where the navel or umbilicus is located

136
Q

Umbilic/o

A

Umbilicus

137
Q

Where are the inguinal or iliac regions located?

A

The right and left lower sections of the abdominopelvic region because of their proximity to the ilium (hip bone)

138
Q

ili/o

A

Ilium

139
Q

inguin/o

A

Groin

140
Q

Where is the hypogastric region located?

A

The lower section below the umbilicus or below the stomach

141
Q

hypo-

A

Below

142
Q

What is contained in the right upper quadrant (RUQ)?

A

The right lobe of the liver, gallbladder, part of the pancreas, portions of the small/large intestines, and the right kidney

143
Q

What is contained in the left upper quadrant (LUQ)?

A

The left lobe of the liver, stomach, spleen, part of the pancreas, portions of the small/large intestines, and the left kidney

144
Q

What is contained in the right lower quadrant (RLQ)?

A

Part of the small/large intestines, appendix, right ureter, right fallopian tube and ovary, right spermatic duct (in men)

145
Q

What is contained in the left lower quadrant (LLQ)?

A

Portions of the intestinal tract, left ureter, left fallopian tube and ovary, left spermatic duct (in men)

146
Q

How do you read abdominopelvic regions and quadrants?

A

The left and right are based on the patient’s body and not how you view them. Take your right arm and put it on the right-hand side of someone in front of you

147
Q

What is the spinal column?

A

A flexible structure that extends from the base of the skull down the length of the back

148
Q

How many vertebrae (sing. vertebra) are there in adults?

A

There are 26 bones separated by discs

149
Q

What separates vertebrae in the spinal column?

A

Round, flat cartilage pads called discs

150
Q

Where are the discs located (technically speaking)?

A

Located in the intervertebral spaces

151
Q

inter-

A

between

152
Q

vertebr/o

A

vertebrae

153
Q

-al

A

Pertaining to

154
Q

How many regions are there in the spinal vertebrae?

A

5 regions

155
Q

How many vertebrae are located in the cervical or neck region?

A

7; C1 to C7

156
Q

How many vertebrae are located in the thoracic region?

A

There are 12 joined to each rib; T1 to T12

157
Q

How many vertebrae are located in the lumbar region?

A

5; L1 to L5

158
Q

Lumb/o

A

Lower back

159
Q

How many vertebrae are located in the sacral region?

A

One composite bone composed by the fusion of 5 vertebrae

160
Q

How many vertebrae are located in the coccygeal region?

A

Consists of one small bone called the coccyx (or tailbone) formed from the union of 4 vertebrae

161
Q

What is the coccyx?

A

The tailbone

162
Q

Coccyg/o

A

Tailbone

163
Q

-eal

A

Pertaining to

164
Q

What is the lumbosacral region?

A

A combined region of the lumbar and sacrum regions

165
Q

What is the cervicothoracic region?

A

A combined region of the cervical and thoracic regions

166
Q

Where is the spinal cord located specifically?

A

Lodged within the spinal column is the spinal cavity which protects the spinal cord

167
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

An important part of the central nervous system that serves as a conduction path to and from the brain

168
Q

Intervertebral

A

Pertaining to between the vertebrae

169
Q

Cervical

A

Pertaining to the neck region

170
Q

Lumbar

A

Pertaining to the lower back

171
Q

Coccygeal

A

Pertaining to the tailbone

172
Q

Lumbosacral

A

Pertaining to the lower back and fused region of the spine

173
Q

Cervicothoracic

A

Pertaining to both the neck and chest

174
Q

What is the anatomic positon?

A

The body is in an erect or standing posture, facing directly forward with arms hanging down by the sides and palms facing forward

175
Q

Anter/o

A

Anterior; front or in front of

176
Q

Which two words can be used interchangeably to mean front?

A

Ventral and Anterior

177
Q

Poster/o

A

Posterior; back or back of

178
Q

Which two words can be used interchangeable to mean the back?

A

Dorsal and posterior

179
Q

Super/o

A

Superior; above

180
Q

Cephal/o

A

Head

181
Q

Cephalic

A

Pertaining to the head

182
Q

Cephalad direction

A

Toward the head

183
Q

-ad

A

towards

184
Q

Infer/o

A

Inferior; below

185
Q

Caud/o

A

Caudal or caudad; tail or lower part of the body

186
Q

Which two terms mean below the body or toward the feet?

A

Inferior and Caudal (or caudad)

187
Q

Later/o

A

Lateral

188
Q

Lateral

A

Pertaining to the side or to the side of the body

189
Q

Medi/o

A

Medial

190
Q

Medial

A

Pertaining to the middle or toward the midline of the body

191
Q

Proxim/o

A

Proximal

192
Q

Proximal

A

Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure

193
Q

Dist/o

A

Distal

194
Q

Distal

A

Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure

195
Q

Deep injury

A

One that has penetrated toward the interior of the body/ away from the surface

196
Q

Superficial injury

A

Is nearer to the surface involving scraping or rubbing away the uppermost layer of skin

197
Q

Supine position

A

Means lying on the back, face up

198
Q

Prone position

A

Means lying on the stomach, face down

199
Q

What are the three major planes of the body called?

A

Frontal (coronal), Sagittal (lateral), and Transverse (cross-sectional)

200
Q

Frontal plane

A

Is a lengthwise vertical plane that divides the body into posterior and anterior portions

201
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Running lengthwise from front to back, divides the body into right and left portions

202
Q

Transerve plane

A

Runs horizontal through the body, dividing it into upper and lower portions and is sometimes called the axial plane

203
Q

Midsagittal

A

Divides the body into right and left halves

204
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

A condition where the lymph nodes are swollen or an abnormal size

205
Q

Percussed

A

Gently tap a part of the body with fingers or an instrument as part of a diagnosis

206
Q

Auscultation

A

Listening to the sounds of the body during a physical examination using a stethoscope

207
Q

What does IV stand for?

A

Intravenous

Medical Terminology (7 decks)

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