Module 5: Digestive System Flashcards
palat/o
palate
bucc/o
cheek
gloss/o
tongue
odont/o
tooth
gingiv/o
gums
sial/o
saliva
sialaden/o
salivary gland
-ase
enzyme
amylase
enzyme which begins digestion of carbohydrates
cytokines and proteins
Substances that contribute to healing and growth
prote/o
protein
Tooth structure
a crown, a neck, and a root
The crown
a bonelike connective tissue that covers the roots of the teeth for support
The cementum
a layer of the crown surrounded by a periodental membrane to hold the tooth in place
The dentin
A layer of the crown that contains the pulp cavity full of connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
parotid
near the ear
submandibular
under the jawbone
sublingual
under the tongue
deciduous teeth
baby teeth (20 in total)
How many permanent adult teeth in total?
32
Nasopharynx
Where the roof of the mouth blends into the throat
Pharyngeal tonsils (aka adenoids)
Located behind the nasal cavity on the roof of the nasopharynx
Palatine tonsils
Located on each side of the oropharynx
oropharynx
Part of the pharynx located at the back of the mouth
lingual tonsils
Located on the tongue
What do tonsils produce?
Lymphocytes
What are lymphocytes?
Disease fighting white blood cells
Papillae
Taste buds
Bolus
Compact mass of food formed by mastication and saliva
Mastication
Chewing
Where is the tongue attached?
Attached at the inside of the lower jawbone
uvul/o
uvula
Uvula
small, soft, teardrop of tissue dangling from the center of the soft palate which helps to form vocal sounds
Rugae or ridges
Can be felt in the top/ front of the mouth that aid in crushing food in preparation for swallowing
Hard palates
anterior aspect of the mouth roof (front)
Soft palates
Posterior aspect of the mouth roof (back)
What makes up the oral cavity?
Mouth, cheeks, lips, underside of tongue, soft palates, rugae, and uvula
What is another term for digestive system?
The gastrointestinal tract or the GI tract
What are the principle functions of the digestive system?
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
or/o, stomat/o
mouth
lingu/o, gloss/o
tongue
dent/i, odont/o
teeth
Crown
Outer most layer of the tooth covered with enamel to help withstand pressure of mastication
Mastication
aka chewing
Dentin
A bonelike connective tissue that covers the roots of the teeth for support. Contains the pulp cavity, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
Pulp
Soft, delicate tissue filling the center of the tooth
Cementum
A layer surrounded by a periodontal membrane to hold the tooth in place
sial/o
saliva
sialaden/o
salivary glands
parotid
near the ear
submandibular
under the jawbone
sublingual
under the tongue
Where are extrinsic salivary glands located?
Located outside the oral cavity
Where are intrinsic salivary glands located?
Located in the mucous membranes of the oral cavity
Amylase
The enzyme which begins the digestion of carbohydrates
-ase
enzyme
Cytokines and proteins
Substances that contribute to healing and growth
prote/o
proteins
fun fact about the adult mouth
Adult mouth secretes about 1 liter of saliva every day
pharynx
aka throat; a muscular, mucus-filled tube approximately 5 inches long and is a passageway for food and air
pharyng/o
pharynx
Deglutition
swallowing
Epiglottis
A cartilaginous flap of tissue that moves to cover the trachea with each swallow
Esophagus
A 9-10 inch muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach
esophag/o
esophagus
Peristalsis
rhythmic contractions with a forward movement
gastr/o
stomach
sphincters
rings of muscle fibers that constrict a passage or close a natural opening
Lower Esophageal Sphincter
aka cardiac sphincter because of its proximity to the heart, controls entry of food from the esophagus to the stomach
What does LES stand for?
Lower Esophageal Sphincter
What are the 3 sections of the stomach called?
The fundus, the body, and the antrum
Small intestine
Extends for 20 feet from the pyloric sphincter to the first part of the large intestine, coiled loops, 1 inch in diameter, and millions of tiny villi
What are the 3 parts of the small intestines?
The duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum
Duodenum
Is only 1 foot long, it receives food from the stomach as well as bile from the liver and gallbladder and pancreatic juice from the pancreas. These enzymes help digest before it passes
Jejunum
About 8 feet long, and is the second part of the small intestine
Ileum
About 11 feet long, and attaches to the first part of the large intestine
What is the function of the fundus and body of the stomach?
A reservoir for ingested food and an area for action by acid and pepsin (gastric enzyme)
What is the function of the antrum?
A muscular grinding chamber that breaks up food and feeds it gradually into the duodenum (in 20 second intervals)
Pyloric Sphincter
ensures food does not leave the stomach and enter the small intestine until it is chemically AND physically ready
pylor/o
pyloric sphincter
Fun fact about the stomach
Food takes a1-4 hours to leave the stomach depending on the type of food
duoden/o
duodenum
hepat/o
liver
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
pancreat/o
pancreas
jejun/o
jejunum
ile/o
ileum
col/o, colon/o
colon
large intestine
aka colon or large bowel, extends from the ileum to the anus and is 5-6 feet long and 2 inches in diameter
What are the three components of the large intestine?
The cecum, the colon, and the rectum
cec/o
cecum
Cecum
A small pouch connected to the ileum at the ileoceal sphincter
Appendix
Hangs from the cecum, has no clear function and can become inflamed and infected when clogged or blocked
append/o, appendic/o
appendix
What are the 4 segments of the colon?
Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
sigmoid/o
sigmoid (colon)
Ascending colon
extends from the cecum to the undersurface of the liver where it turns left (hepatic flexure)
Transverse colon
Connects to the ascending colon and passes horizontally to the left toward the spleen and then turns downward (splenic flexure)
Descending colon
Connects to the transverse colon and is parallel to the ascending colon
Sigmoid colon
Is shaped like an S and begins at the distal end of the colon and leads into the rectum
Rectum
Terminates in the lower opening of the gastrointestinal tract, the anus. Where solid waste material is stored until it can exit the body
rect/o
rectum
an/o
anus
Anus and rectum are often joined together in the combining form
proct/o
de-
removal of
fec/o
feces
-ation
process of
What are the primary functions of the small intestine?
Digestion and absorption
Villi
The absorptive parts of the small intestine
Splenic flexure
The sharp bend that connects the transverse colon to the descending colon
Hepatic flexure
The sharp bend that connects the ascending colon to the transverse colon at the undersurface of the liver
Herniation
A condition in which an organ protrudes through the muscle meant to hold it in place
Peritoneum
A serous-layered membrane that holds organs in place
Partial peritoneum
Lines the walls of the abdominal cavity
Visceral peritoneum
Coats the organs themselves
viscer/o
internal organ
Mesentery
A fan-shaped projection of the parietal peritoneum allowing free movement of the intestines so they don’t get tangled
bil/i, chol/e
bile
What is the liver known for?
Its production of bile
Bile
A yellow-green substance that contains cholesterol, acids, and several pigments like bilirubin
bilirubin/o
bilirubin
Where is the liver located?
In the right upper quadrant (RUQ)
What causes jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia)?
If the bile duct is blocked or the liver is damaged and unable to excrete bilirubin into bile, it remains in the bloodstream causing a yellow discoloration of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membrane
What is the flow of bile from the liver?
Liver continuously releases bile which travels to the hepatic duct, the cystic duct, the gallbladder, common bile duct
choledoch/o
bile duct
Simple sugar
glucose
gluc/o, glyc/o
sugar
Sugar as a starch
glycogen
glycogen/o
glycogen, animal starch
Glycogenolysis
The liver converts starch back into glucose when sugar levels drop
Gluconeogensis
The liver converts proteins and fats into glucose when the body needs sugar
Steat/o, lip/o
proteins and fats
Other functions of the liver
Manufactures blood proteins for clotting, released bilirubin, and detoxifies the blood
Emulsification
The breakdown of fat or lipid globules into small enough parts to digest
Insulin
A hormone that acts as a carrier to bring glucose into the cells to be used for energy
Pancreas
Is both an exocrine and endocrine organ. It produces both insulin (endocrine) and enzymes (exocrine)
Enzymes
Chemicals that speed up a reaction between substances
Chyme
A creamy semifluid formed by gastric juices that are secreted and mixed with partially digested food
Hydrochloric acid
A substance produced by the stomach which is necessary for digestion
Incisor
any one of four front teeth in the dental arch
canine teeth
Pointed, dog-like teeth, next to the incisors (aka cuspids or eyeteeth)
molar teeth
sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch. Premolar teeth are the fourth and fifth teeth before
papillae (sing. papilla)
small elevations on the tongue (aka taste buds)
portal vein
large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
protease
enzymes for digesting proteins and polypeptides
lipases
enzymes for digesting emulsified fats
nucleases
enzymes for digesting nucleic acids
amylase
enzymes for digesting starches
sodium bicarbonate
enzymes to increase pH for optimum enzyme function
pylorus
distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum
stomach
muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus
celi/o
belly, abdomen
cheil/o
lip
Enteroenterostomy
The suffix -stomy, when used with two or more combining forms (enter/o and enter/o) indicates the surgical creation of a new opening between those parts of the body
What are the three types of anastomoses?
End to end, end to side, and side to side
Omentum
A part of the mesentery, hangs down like an apron over the intestines
Mesocolon
A part of the mesentery, a fold of tissue that connects the colon to the back of the abdominal wall
pathology
The study of disease
etiology
The origins
Idiopathic
Means we do not know/ understand its cause
eti/o
cause
idi/o
unknown
faci/o
face
labi/o
lip
lapar/o
abdomen
-chezia
defecation, elimination of wastes
-iasis
abnormal condition
-prandial
meal
dental caries
aka tooth decay, debris in the mouth can build up an form plaque, plaque dissolves tooth enamel, and creates a pit of decay called a cavity
periodontal disease
The inflammation and deterioration of the gums, teeth, and surrounding bone
Gingivitis
An inflammation of the gums
Aphthous stomatitis
aka canker sores, is idiopathic
Herpetic stomatitis
aka a cold sore/ fever blister, caused by an infection with the herpes simple 1 virus
Oral leukoplakia
White patches or plaque on the oral mucosa, precancerous, caused by chronic smoking or alcohol intake
Gastroenterology
The study of diseases that affect the GI tract
gastr/o
stomach
enter/o
intestines
anorexia
Lack of appetite
anorexia nervosa
Is the loss of appetite associated with emotional problems such as anger, anxiety, and irrational fear of weight gain
ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
borborygmus (plural. borborygmi)
Rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract
constipation
difficulty in passing stools (feces)
sign
an objective finding indication the presence of disease as perceived by an examiner
symptom
is a subjective sensation or change in health as experienced by the patient
diarrhea
frequent passage of loose, watery stools
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
eructation
gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth (aka burping)
flatus
gas expelled through the anus (aka flatulence or farting)
hematochezia
passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum
jaundice (icterus)
Yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood
melena
black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood
nausea
unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit
steatorrhea
fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter
Heartburn
Is a burning sensation caused by regurgitation or reflux
Reflux
backward flow of hydrochloric acid from stomach to esophagus
dys-
difficulty
-phagia
swallowing
dia-
through
-rrhea
abnormal discharge
-orexia
appetite
hemorrhoids
swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal regian
achalasia
failure of lower esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to relax
esophageal cancer
malignant tumor of the esophagus
esophageal varices
swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus
gastric cancer
malignant tumor of the stomach
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach
peptic ulcer
open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
direct inguinal hernia
Occurs through the abdominal wall in an area of muscular weakness
indirect inguinal hernia
occurs through the inguinal canal (a passageway in the lower abdomen), where the herniated tissue/bowel descends into the scrotal sac
anal fistula
abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus
colonic polyps
polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon
colorectal cancer
adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both
Crohn disease (“Crohn’s”)
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
What does IBD stand for?
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
diverticulosis
abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestinal wall of the colon
diverticulitis
A complication of diverticulosis when fecal matter becomes trapped in diverticula
ileus
loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
inflammation of the colon and small intestines
intussusception
telescoping of the intestines
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
Group of GI symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation) but without abnormalities in the intestines
What does IBS stand for?
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
ulcerative colitis
Chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers
volvulus
twisting of the intestine on itself
cholelithiasis
gallstones in the gallbladder
What’s “in” gallstones?
Composed of cholesterol, bilirubin (pigment in bile), and calcium salts. They can vary in size and shape from as small as a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball
Biliary colic
Pain from blocked ducts
dysentery
painful inflammatory disorder of the intestine, especially the colon that results in severe diarrhea containing mucus and the blood and accompanied by fever and abdominal pain
colitis
inflammation of the colon
enterocolitis
inflammation of both the small and large intestines
ulcerative colitis
a disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers
anal fissure
a painful narrow slit in the mucous membrane of the anus that may cause or lead to a fistula
abscess
infected area that can also cause a fistula
polyp
a benign growth that protrudes from a mucous membrane
viral hepatitis
inflammation of the liver caused by a virus that is usually exhibited with anorexia, malaise, joint pain, abdominal discomfort, pale feces, and dark urine
trocars
metal sleeves consisting of a hollow metal tube which fits an obturator used to puncture the wall and enter the abdomen
obturator
a solid, removable instrument with a sharp, three-cornered tip
cirrhosis
chronic degenerative disease of the liver
pancreatic cancer
malignant tumor of the pancreas
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
What is the standard surgical procedure for a pancreatoduodenectomy?
The Whipple procedure
Hepatitis A
A benign disorder spread by contaminated food or water and characterized by slow onset of symptoms
Hepatitis B
transmitted by blood transfusion, sexual contact, or the use of contaminated needles or instruments
Hepatitis C
transmitted by blood transfusions or needle inoculation, the acute illness may progress to chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma
acute pancreatitis
More common than pancreatitis, and can involve massive swelling and bleeding. If left untreated it can result in shock, renal failure, and respiratory collapse
cholecystic
inflammation and infection of the gallbladder
choledocholithiasis
when stones block both gallbladder and bile ducts and prevents the passage of bile to the duodenum
sigmoidoscopy
the visual examination of the mucous membrane lining the sigmoid colon using a sigmoidscope
sigmoidscope
an instrument used for visual examination of the sigmoid colon
colonoscopy
visual examination of the entire colon using an elongated endoscope which can detect diverticulosis, colon cancer, polyps, and other abnormalities
ileostomy
creation of an opening from the ileum to the surface of the abdomen for emptying feces out of the body
colostomy
part of the colon is removed
parenteral
introduction of nutrition, medication, or other substances into the body via a route other than the gastrointestinal tract (usually through the bloodstream)
enteral
nutrition enters through the GI tract in the small intestines
par-
other than
cholecystectomy
surgical removal of the gallbladder
choledochtomy
surgical removal of stones
laparoscope
minimally invasive tool in a smaller incision to remove the damaged gallbladder using trocars
-stomy
creation of an opening
-tomy
process of cutting
-ectomy
removal
palatoplasty
Surgical procedure to repair cleft palate
what is the abbreviation for liver cancer?
HCC
