Module 15: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
what is included in the musculoskeletal system?
bones, muscles, and joints
What are bones?
they provide the framework on which the body is constructed and protect and support internal organs
what are joints?
the places at which bones come together
what are muslces?
whether attached to bones or to internal organs and blood vessels, they are responsible for movement
what are tendons?
the connective tissue that bind muscles to bones
what are ligaments?
the connective tissue that bind bones to bones
orthopedists
physicians who treat (surgically or medically) bone, joint, muscle conditions
orth/o
straight
ped/o
child
orthopedics
a branch of medicine correcting deformities in children
rheumoatologists
physicians (nonsurgical) who specialize primarily in joint problems
rheumat/o
watery flow which refers to joint fluid
physiatrists
physicians whose focus is on rehabilitation after injury or illness to muscles, bones and nerves
who can specialize in orthopedics or rheumatology?
both a medical doctor (MD) and an osteopathic physician (DO)
chiropractor
is not a physician but has extensive and specialized training in using physical means to manipulate the spinal column, joints, and soft tissues
chir/o
hand
physical therapist
a health care professional (not a doctor) who develops a treatment plan based on a physician’s diagnosis
osseous tissue
bony connective tissue with a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves
osteocytes
bone cells
collagen
dense connective tissue strands
what does osseous tissue consist of?
osteocytes, collagen, and intercellular calcium salts
cartilaginous tissue
resembles osseous tissue but is more flexible and less dense because of a lack of calcium salts in its intercellular spaces, common in fetal development
ossification
bone formation
osteoblasts
are the immature osteocytes that produce the bony tissue that replaces cartilage during ossification
osteoclasts
are large cells that function to reabsorb or digest bony tissue
-clast
from the Greek word meaning to break
what is another word for osteoclasts?
bone phagocytes
what is the purpose of osteoclasts?
to digest bone tissue so that the bone does not become overly thick and heaby
osteoclasts vs. osteboblasts
the work together tearing down and rebuilding bony tissue
Which minerals help with the formation of bone?
calcium and phosphorus and vitamin D
Which substance gives bones its characteristic hard quality?
major calcium salt
what does the parathyroid gland do?
it maintains the necessary level of calcium in the blood, which secretes a hormone that signals the release of calcium from bone storage
How many bones are in the body?
206 various bone types
Where are long bones found?
are found in the thigh, lower leg, upper and lower arm
what are long bones?
these bones are very strong, are broad at the ends where they join with other bones, and have large surface areas for muscle attachment
where are short bones found?
in the wrist and ankle
What are short bones?
bones which are small with irregular shapes
where are flat bones found?
found covering soft body parts
types of flat bones
skull, shoulder blades, ribs, and pelvic bones
what are sesamoid bones?
they are small, rounded bones (resembling a sesame seed in shape)
where are sesamoid bones found?
they are found near joints and they increase the efficiency of muscles near a particular joint
what is an example of a sesamoid bone?
the kneecap (the largest of its type)
what is the diaphysis?
the shaft or middle region of a long bone
what is an epiphysis?
each end of a long bone
what does the epiphyseal line or plate represent?
an area of cartilage tissue that is constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows
what is another term for the epiphyseal line/ plate?
the growth plate
what happens to the plate when it has achieved full growth?
the plate calcifies and disappears
what is metaphysis?
the flared portion of the bone, it lies between the epiphysis and the diaphysis and is adjacent to the epiphyseal plate
what is the periosteum?
a strong, fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the surface of long bones, except at the ends of the epiphyses
What is articular cartilage?
a type of connective tissue that covers the end of each bone to form a joint
What happens to the articular cartilage after full growth is achieved?
Nothing, it is present throughout life
compact (cortical bone)
a layer of hard, dense bone that lies under the periosteum in all bones and is located chiefly around the diaphysis of long bones
haversian canals
small canals located within the compact bone containing blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the bone and remove waste products
medullary cavity
the tunneled-out area in the compact bone of the central shaft found within long bones that contains yellow bone marrow
what is yellow bone marrow composed of?
fat cells
cancellous bone aka spongy or trabecular bone
is much more porous and less dense than compact bone
traveculae
are interwoven fibers found largely in the epiphyses and metaphyses of long bones and in the middle portion of most bones
where is red bone marrow found?
cancellous bone
what does red bone marrow consist of?
immature and mature blood cells in various stages of cevelopment
hematopoiesis
is the formation of all types of blood cells in the bone marrow
what are bone processes?
are enlarged areas that extend out from bones to serve as attachments for muscles, tendons and ligaments
what are bone depressions?
are openings or hollow regions serving as connections between bones, or passageways for blood vessels and nerves
bone head (process)
rounded end of a bone
condyle (process)
rounded knuckle-like process
epicondyle (process)
small rounded process above the condyle
trochanters (process)
large and small processes for tendons attachments
tuberosity (tubercle) (process)
small round elevation where tendons are muscles attach
list the 5 types of processes
- bone head
- condyle
- epicondyle
- trochanters
- tuberosity (tubercule)
fissure (depression)
narrow groove or slit-like opening example: orbital fissure
foramen (depression)
opening for blood vessels and nerves, example: foramen magnum of the skull
fossa (depression)
shallow cavity in or on a bone, example: elbow
sinus (depression)
hollow cavity within bone, example, sinuses of the skull
ment/o
chin
frontal bone
forms the head and the roof of the bony sockets that contain the eyes
parietal bone
the two bones that form the roof and upper part of the sides of the cranium (one on each side of the skull)
temporal bone
the two bones that form the lower sides and base of the cranium
What does TMJ stand for?
Temporomandibular Joint
mast/o
breast
styl/o
pole or stake
occipital bone
forms the back and base of the skull and joins the parietal and temporal bones, forming a suture
foramen magnum
an opening through which the psinal cord passes
sphenoid bone
the bat-shaped bone that extends behind the eyes and forms part of the base of the skull
sphen/o
wedge
sella turcica
a depression in the sphenoid bone in which the pituitary gland is located
ethmoid bone
the thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms part of the sockets of the eyes
ethm/o
sieve
nasal bones
the two slender bones that support the bridge of the nose
nas/o
nose
lacrimal bones
the two small, thin bones located at the corner of each eye
lacrim/o
tear
maxillary bones
the two large bones that compose the massive upper jawbones (maxillae)
cleft palate
the result when the two maxillary bones do not come together normally before birth
zygomatic bones
the two bones on each side of the face that form the high portion of the cheek
vomer
the thin, single, flat bone that forms the lower portion of the nasal septum
sinuses or air cavities
are located in specific places within the cranial and facial bones to lighten the skull and warm and moisten air as it passes through
how many bone segments make up the vertebral (spinal) column?
26 bone segments called vertebrae
intervertebral disks
the cartilage pads that separate the bones
clavicle
collar bone; a slender bone, positioned ventrally one on each side connecting the breastbone to each shoulder blade
scapula
should blade; one of two flat triangular bones on each dorsal side of the thorax
acro/o
extremity
om/o
shoulder
acromion
the extension of the scapula that joins with the clavicle to form a joint above the shoulder
sternum
breastbone; a flat bone extending ventrally down the midline of the chest
xiph/o
sword
ribs
there are 12 pairs
true ribs
the first 7 rib bones
false ribs
ribs 8 to 10
floating ribs
ribs 11 to 12
humerus
upper arm bone; the large head of the humerus is rounded and joins with the glenoid fossa of the scapula to form the shoulder or glenoid humeral joint
ulna
medial lower arm (forearm) bone; the proximal bony process of the ulna at the elbow is called the olecranon (elbow bone)
radius
lateral lower arm (forearm) bone in line with the thumb
carpals
wrist bones; there are two rows of four bones
metacarpals
the five bones of the palm of the hand
phalanges
finger bones; each finger (except the thumb) has three [vocab word]: a proximal, a middle, and a distal phalanx whereas the thumb has only two: a proximal and distal phalanx
pelvic girdle
pelvis; this collection of bones supports the trunk of the body and articulates with the femur to form the hip joint
how many bones is the adult pelvis composed of?
3; the ilium, ischium, and pubis
ilium
uppermost and largest portion of the pelvis
iliac crest
the superior part of the ilium
ischium
inferior or lower part of the pelvis: it is where you sit
pubis
anterior part of the pelvis
pubic symphysis
the area where two pubic bones join by way of a cartilaginous disk
pelvic cavity
region within the ring of bone formed by the pelvic girdle
femur
thigh bone; this is the longest bone in the body
acetabulum
the socket where the femur fits in the pelvis
hip joint
the femur and acetabulum form a ball-and-socket joint
patella
kneecap; this is a small, flat bone that lies in front of the articulation between the femur and one of the lower leg bones called the tibia
tibia
larger of the two bones of the lower leg; runs under the skin in the front part of the leg
what is the common name for the tibia?
the shin bone
fibula
smaller of the two lower leg bones; this thin bone, well hidden under the leg muscles, runs parallel to the tibia
what forms the ankle joint?
the tibia, fibula and talus (the first of the tarsal bones)
tarsals
bones of the hind part of the foot (hindfoot); these seven short bones resemble the carpal bones of the wrist but are larger
calcaneus
the largest of the tarsal bones and also is call the heel bone
metatarsals
bones of the midfoot; there are five metatarsal bones which are similar to the metacarpals of the hand
phalanges of the toes
bones of the forefoot; as in the digits of the hand, there are two phalanges in the big toe and three in each of the other toes
acromion
outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder. It overlies the shoulder joint and articulates with the clavicle
bone
dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton
bone depression
opening or hollow region serving as a connection for bones, or passageways for blood vessels and nerves
bone process
enlarged area that extends from bones as an attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments
cancellous bone
spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone
cartilage
flexible, rubbery connective tissue
disk (disc)
flat, round plate-like structure
fontanelle
soft spot (incomplete bone formation) between the skull bones of an infant
foramen megnum
opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes
malleolus
round process on both sides of the ankle joint.
manubrium
upper portion of the sternum and moves with the medial aspect of the clavicle
mastoid process
round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear
medullary cavity
central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone
olecranon
large process on the proximal end of the ulna; the point of the flexed elbow
orthopedist
medical doctor who specializes in bone, joint, and muscle conditions
osseous tissue
bone tissue
styloid process
pole-like process extending downward from the temporal lobe on each side of the skull
temporomandibular joint
connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and mandibular bone of the jaw
trabeculae
supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous bone
vertebra
individual segment of the spine composed of the vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transverse process, and lamina, enclosing the neural canal
xiphoid process
lower narrow portion of the sternum
calc/o or calci/o
calcium
hypercalcemia
high levels of calcium in the blood
decalcification
lack of calcium production
kyph/o
humpback, hunchback
kyphosis
abnormal condition of outward curvature of the spine
lamin/o
lamina
laminectomy
surgical removal of the posterior portion of the vertebra
lord/o
curve, swayback
lordosis
the normal curvature of the lumbar spine becomes exaggerated
lumb/o
loins, lower back
lumbar
pertaining to the lower back
myel/o
bone marrow
myelopoiesis
formation of bone marrow
orth/o
straight
orthopedics
surgical specially devoted to bones and disease/ deformities
oste/o
bone
osteitis
inflammation of bone
osteogenesis
development of bones
osteodystrophy
abnormal development of bone
scoli/o
crooked, bent
scoliosis
abnormal condition of sideways curvature of the spine
spondyl/o
vertebra
spondylosi
abnormal condition of the spine
vertebr/o
vertebra
vertebroplasty
surgical repair of the vertebra
-blast
embryonic or immature cell
-clast
to break
-listhesis
slipping
spondylolisthesis
the forward slipping of a vertebra over a lower vertebra
-malacia
softening
osteomalacia
softening of bone
-physis
to grow
-porosis
pore, passage
-tome
instrument to cut
osteotome
surgical chisel designed to cut bone
acetabul/o
acetabulum (hip socket)
calcane/o
calcaneus (heel)
carp/o
carpals (wrist bones)
clavicul/o
clavicle (collar bone)
supreclavicular
pertaining to above the clavicle
cost/o
ribs (true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs)
crani/o
cranium (skull)
femor/o
femur (thigh bone)
fibul/o
fibula (smaller lower leg bone)
humer/o
humerus (upper arm bone)
ili/o
ilium (upper part of pelvic bone)
ischi/o
ischium (posterior on part of pelvic bone)
malleol/o
malleolus (process on each side of the ankle)
madibul/o
mandible (lower jawbone)
maxill/o
maxilla (upper jawbone)
metacarp/o
metacarpals (hand bones)
metatars/o
metatarsals (foot bones)
olecran/o
olecranon (elbows)pat
ell/o
patella (kneecap)
pelv/i
pelvis (hipbone)
perone/o
fibula
phalang/o
phalanges (finger and/or toe bones)
pub/o
pubis (anterior part of the pelvic bone)
radi/o
radius (forearm bone - thumb side)
scapul/o
scapula (shoulder blade)
stern/o
sternum (breastbone)
tars/o
tarsals (bones of the hindfoot)
tibi/o
tibia (shin bone)
uln/o
ulna (forearm bone - little finger side)
Ewing sarcoma
rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occurring in children
exostosis
bony growth (benign) arising from the surface of bone
osteochondromas
tumors composed of cartilage and bone
bunion
swelling of the metatarsophalangeal joint near the base of the big toe and is accompanied by the buildup of soft tissue and underlying bone at the distal/ medial aspect of the first metatarsal
fracture
traumatic breaking of a bone
simple (closed) fracture
the bone is broken but there is not open wound in the skin
compound (open) fracture
the bone is broken and a fragment of bone protrudes through an open wound in the skin
crepitus
is the crackling sound produced when ends of bones rub each other or rub against roughened cartilage
reduction
the restoration of the bone to its normal position
closed reduction
is manipulative reduction without a surgical incision
open reduction
an incision is made for access to the fracture site
cast
solid mold of the body part is applied to fractures to immobilize the injured bone after a closed reduction
what does ORIF stand for?
Open Reduction/Internal Fixation
colles
a type of fracture near the wrist at distal end of the radius
comminuted
a type of fracture where the bone is splintered and crushed into several pieces
compression
a type of fracture where the bone collapses or is compressed; occurs in vertebrae
greenstick
a type of fracture where the bone is partially broken; breaks on one surface and bends on the other; often occurring in the forearm
impacted
a type of fracture where one fragment is driven firmly into the other; at the head of the femur or head of the humerus
osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma)
common malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts, found primarily in children and adolescents
osteomalacia
softening of bone with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in the bone
what is the common name for osteomalacia?
rickets (when it occurs in children)
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection
osteoporosis
decrease in bone density (mass); thinning and weakening of bone
osteopenia
a condition in which bone mineral density is lower than normal
kyphosis
loss of bone mass due to osteoporosis produces posterior curvature of the spine in the thoracic cavity
talipes
congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus)
what is the most common form of talipes?
talipes equinovarus or clubfoot
equin/o
horse
articulation
any type of joint
bursa (plural bursae)
sac of fluid near a joint; promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another
ligament
connective tissue binding bones to other bones; supports, strengthens, and stabilizes the joint
meniscus
crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure found in the knee
suture joint
immovable joint, such as between the bones of the skull
synovial cavity
space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane
synovial fluid
viscous (sticky) fluid within the synovial cavity; similar to the viscosity of egg whites
syn/o
like
ov/o
egg
synovial joint
a freely movable joint
synovial membrane
tissue lining the synovial cavity; it produces synovial fluid
tendon
connective tissue that binds muscles to bones
what does ACL stand for?
Anterior Cruciate Ligament
ankyl/o
stiff
arthr/o
joint
articul/o
joint
burs/o
bursa
chondr/o
cartilage
ligament/o
ligament
rheumat/o
watery flow
synov/o
synovial membrane
ten/o
tendon
tenorrhaphy
suture of a tendon
tendin/o
tendon
rheymatologist
a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of joint diseases
-desis
to bind, tie together
-stenosis
narrowing
arthritis
inflammation of any joint
ankylosing spondylitis
chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening joints, primarily of the spine
gouty arthritis (gout)
inflammation and painful swelling of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body
podagra
excessive pain of the foot
-agra
excessive pain
osteoarthritis (OA)
progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces
degenerative joint disease
can occur in any joint but occurs mainly in the spine, hips, and knees of older people
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane
bunion
enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe (metatarsophalangeal joint)
what is another name for a bunion?
hallux valgus (abnormal angulation of the great toe)
bunionectomy
removal of a bunion
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
compression of the median nerve as it passes between the ligaments and the bones and tendons of the wrist
dislocation
displacement of a bone from its joint
subluxation
a partial or incomplete dislocation
ganglion cyst
fluid-filled sac arising from joint capsules or tendons, typically in the band
herniation of an intervertebral disc
abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disc into the spinal canal or spinal nerves
what is the common term for herniation of an intervertebral disc?
a slipped disc
sciatica
pain radiating down the leg
microdiskectomy
removal of a portion of the protruding disk
what does HNP stand for?
Herniated Nucleus Pulposus
Lyme disease (Lyme arthritis)
disorder marked by arthritis, myalgia, and malaise; cause is a bacterium carried by a tick
sprain
trauma to ligaments without rupture
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, central nervous system, heart, and lungs
lupus
meaning wolf, because people with lupus looked like their skin had been affected by wolf bites
abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
adduction
movement toward the midline of the body
dosiflexiun
backward (upward) bend of the foot)
extension
straightening of a flexed limb
fascia
fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles
flexion
bending a limb; descending the angle between bones
insertion of a muscle
connection of the muscles to a bone that moves
origin of a muscle
connection of the muscle to a stationary bone
plantar flexion
bending the sole of the foot downward toward the ground
pronation
turning the palm downward
rotation
circular movement around a central point
internal rotation
turning toward the center of the body
external rotation
turning away from the center of the body
striated muscle
muscle connected to bones; voluntary or skeletal muscle
supination
turning the palm upward
visceral muscle
muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or smooth muscles
fasci/o
fascia (forms sheaths enveloping muscles)f
ibr/o
fibrous connective tissue
fibromyalgia
chronic pain and stiffness in muscles, joints, and fibrous tissue especially of the back, shoulders, neck, hips and knees
leiomy/o
smooth (visceral) muscle that lines the walls of internal organs
my/o
muscle
myalgia
muscle pain
myocardi/o
heart muscle
myocardial
pertaining to the heart muscle
plant/o
sole of the foot
plantar flexion
downward bend
rhabdomy/o
skeletal (striated) muscle connected to bones
rhabdomyoma
benign tumor
sarc/o
muscle and flesh
-asthenia
lack of strength
-trophy
development, nourishment
atrophy
decrease in size of an organ or tissue
ab-
away from
ad-
toward
dorsi-
back
poly-
many, much
muscular dystrophy
group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibres without involvement of the nervous system
what is the most common form of muscular hystrophy?
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
pseudohypertrophy
muscles appear enlarged as fat replaces function muscle cells that have degenerated and atrophied
polymyositis
chronic inflammatory myopathy
antinuclear antibody test (ANA)
detects an antibody present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases
what does SLE stand for?
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
What does ANA stand for?
Antinuclear Antibody Test
what does ESR stand for?
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
measures time it takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of a test tube
rheumatoid factor test (RF)
serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
serum calcium (Ca)
measurement of calcium level in serum
serum creatine kinase (CK)
measurement of the enzyme creatine kinase in serum
uric acid test
measurement of uric acid in serum
arthrocentesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space
arthrography
taking x-ray images after injection of contrast material into a joint
arthroplasty
surgical repair or replacement of a joint
what does THR stand for?
Total Hip Replacement
total hip replacement (THR)
is the replacement of the femoral head and acetabulum with prostheses that are fastened into the bone
total knee replacement (TKR)
a metal prosthesis covers the end of the femur, and a tibial component made of metal and plastic covers the tip end of the tibia
what does TKR stand for?
Total Knee Replacement
resection arthroplasty
small portion of a bone is removed to repair the joint; acromioclavicular joint is a common location
interposition arthroplasty
new tissue taken from another place is placed between damaged surface of elbow joint
revision arthroplasty
an operation to replace a failing prosthetic joint
arthroscopy
visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope and television camera
bone density test (bone densitometry)
low-energy x-ray abdorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass
what does DEXA or DXA stand for?
Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry
bone scan
uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone
computed tomography (CT)
x-ray beam and computer provide cross-sectional and other images
diskography
x-ray examination of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disk after injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus (interior of the disk)
electromyography (EMG)
recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation
what does EMG stand for?
ElectroMyoGraphy
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
magnetic field creates images of soft tissuem
muscle biopsy
removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination
what does AC stand for?
Acromioclavicular (joint)
What does BKA stand for?
Below-Knee Amputation
C1 to C7
cervical vertebrae
what does CK stand for?
Creatine Kinase - enzyme elevated in muscle disease
what does CMC stand for?
Carpometacarpal (joint)
what does CTS stand for?
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
what does DMARD stand for?
Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drug
what does DO stand for?
Doctor of Osteopathy
what does DTRs stand for?
Deep Tendon Reflexes
what does ESR (sed rate) stand for?
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate - indicates inflammation
what does HNP stand for?
Herniated Nucleus Pulposus
what does IM stand for?
Intramuscular
L1 to L5
lumbar vertebrae
what does NSAID stand for?
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug - often prescribed to treat musculoskeletal disorders
what does OA stand for?
Osteoarthritis
what does ORIF stand for?
Open Reduction (of fracture)/ Internal Fixation
what does OT stand for?
Occupational Therapy
what does PT stand for?
Physical Therapy
what does RA stand for?
Rheumatoid Arthritis
what does RF stand for?
Rheumatoid Factor
what does ROM stand for?
Range of Motion
T1 to T12
thoracic vertebrae
what does TMJ stand for?
Temporomandibular Joint
what is the function of bone processes?
to serve as attachments for muscles and tendons
what is flexion?
bending of a limb
Paget disease (osteitis deformans)
a condition characterized by recurrent episodes of elevated bone resorption, followed by attempts at repair, resulting in deformed and weakened bones of excessive mass
Systemic lupus erythematosus
a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving the joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system, heart, and lungs
arthrodesis
surgical fixation of a joint
