Module 14: Lymphatic and Immune Systems Flashcards
lymph
a clear, watery fluid that surrounds body cells and flows in a system of thin-walled lymph vessels that extends throughout the body
what two types of white blood cells is contained in lymph?
lymphocytes and monocytes
What is lymph made up of?
Similar to blood liquid it has plasma - water, salts, sugar, and wastes, but has less proteins
interstitial fluid
the fluid that surrounds body cells
lymph capillaries
thin-walled vessels where interstitial fluid passes continuously i
lymph nodes
clusters of lymph tissue
What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?
- drainage system
- absorb lipids from the small intestines and transport them to the bloodstream
- immune system defense
immune system
the defense of the body against foreign organisms such as bacteria and viruses
lymph capillaries
begin at the spaces around cells throughout the body (similar to blood capillaries)
lymph vessels
larger with thicker walls than those of lymph capillaries and like veins, contain valves so that lymph flows in only one direction toward the thoracic cavity
List the major sites of lymph node concentration
- cervical (neck)
- axillary (armpit)
- mediastinal (chest)
- mesenteric (intestinal)
- paraaortic (lumbar)
- inguinal (groin)
- tonsils (oropharynx)
- adenoids (nasopharynx)
Where do lymph vessels lead to?
toward the thoracic cavity and empty into two large ducts in the upper chest
right lymphatic duct
located in the upper chest and drains the right side of the head and chest
left lymphatic duct
located in the upper chest and drains the lower body and the left side of the head
large veins
the ducts carry the lymph into these found in the neck where it then enters the bloodstream
what do lymph nodes do?
they produce lymphocytes, filter lymph, and trap substances from infectious, inflammatory, and cancerous lesions
macrophages
special cells located in lymph nodes (as well as spleen and liver) that swallow (phagocytes) foreign substances
what happens when bacteria is present in lymph nodes?
the nodes in that particular area of the body become swollen with collections of cells and their engulfed debris and become tender
B lymphocytes (B cells)
specialized lymphocytes produced from lymph nodes which produce antibodies
T lymphocytes (T cells)
specialized lymphocytes produced from lymph nodes which attack bacteria and foreign cells by accurately recognizing a cell as foreign and destroying it
Where do B Cells mature?
in bone marrow
Where do T Cells mature?
in the thymus gland
spleen
located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen, next to the stomach
What are the functions of the spleen?
- destruction of old erythrocytes by macrophages
- filtration of microorganisms and other foreign material from the blood
- activation of lymphocytes (B and T cells)
- storage of blood
what happens after a splenectomy?
the liver, bone marrow, and lymph nodes take over the functions of the spleen
thymus gland
a lymphatic organ located in the upper mediastinum between the lungs
thymectomy
removal of the thymus gland
What is the role of the thymus gland?
the ability to protect the body from disease (immunity)
tolerance
the process that occurs in early development, the thymus lymphocytes learn to recognize and accept the body’s own antigens as “self” or friendly
autoimmune disease
when the tolerance process fails, immune cells react against normal cells resulting in various pathologic conditions
aut/o
self
what is the specialization of the immune system?
to defend the body against antigens
what does the immune system include?
leukocytes (neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages/ phagocytes), lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, and adenoids (which produces lymphocytes and antibodies)
immunity
the body’s ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs
natural immunity
is resistance present at birth and is not dependent on prior exposure to an antigen
antigen
infectious agent
neutrophils
travel to the infected area and ingest bacteria
what does NK stand for?
Natural Killer Cells
adaptive immunity
the body’s ability to recognize and remember specific antigens in an immune response (T and B cells)
T cells role in the adaptive response?
they recognize and remember specific antigens and produce stronger attacks each time the antigen is encountered
B cells role in the adaptive response?
they secrete antibodies against antigens
vaccination
example of adaptive immunity, you are given an injection of a killed virus that doesn’t make you ill, but stimulates your B cells to secrete antibodies against that virus so that if you are exposed to it at a later time then you are prepared
when do we need immediate adaptive immunity?
when you come in contact with poisons (toxins) that rapidly cause major damage, must be counteracted by giving ready-made antibodies called antitoxins
antoxins
ready-made antibodies for immediate adaptive immunity situations
the role of immunoglobulins in adaptive immunity?
can boost your adaptive immunity before you travel to a foreign country
maternal antibodies
given to infants through the placenta or breast milk for adaptive immunity
what are the two components of adaptive immunity?
- humoral immunity
- cell-mediated immunity
humoral immunity
when B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens (viruses and bacteria)
plasma cell
a mature B cell
What does Ig stand for?
Immunoglobulin
What does IgG do?
a type of immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta to provide immunity for newborns
What does IgE do?
a type of immunoglobulin that is important in allergic reactions and in fighting parasitic infections
cell-mediated immunity
a process that does not involve antibodies, rather involves several types of T cells with different functions
cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells)
attach to antigens and directly kill them and secretes cytokines (interferons and interleukins)
what are interferons and interleukins?
they are secreted by cytotoxic T cells and aid other cells in antigen destruction
Helper T cells (CD4+ T cells)
assist B cells in making antibodies and they stimulate T cells to attack antigens
Suppressor T cells (aka regulatory T cells or Tregs)
inhibit both B and T cells and prevent them from attacking the body’s own good cells
complement system
a group of proteins that helps antibodies kill their target
dendritic cell
another warrior which initiates adaptive immunity by presenting antigens to T and B cells, showing them precisely what they need to counteract
List the 3 types of T cells
- cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)
- helper T cells (CD4+)
- suppressor T cells (Tregs)
Immunotherapy
the use of antibodies, B cells, and T cells to treat disease such as cancer
What are 3 types of immunotherapy?
- monoclonal antibodies (MoAb)
- Vaccines
- transfer of immune cells
monoclonal antibodies (MoAb)
these are antibodies created in a laboratory by special reproductive (cloning) techniques and designed to attack specific cancer cells
vaccines
these preparations contain antigens (proteins) from a patient’s tumor cells to stimulate the patient’s own T cells to recognize and kill the cancerous cells
transfer of immune cells
in bone marrow transplantation, T lymphocytes from a donor can replace a patient’s immune system with new cells that recognize tumor cells as foreign and kill them
what are examples of passive immunotherapy?
monoclonal antibodies and transfer of immune cells
what is an example of active immunotherapy?
vaccines
antibody
protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens
axillary nodes
lymph nodes in the armpit (underarm)
cervical nodes
lymph nodes in the neck region
inguinal nodes
lymph nodes in the groin region
lymphoid organs
lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland
macrophage
large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body that eat antigens
phag/o
to eat or swallow
mediastinal nodes
lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the thoracic (chest) cavity
paraaortic nodes
lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar (waist) area of the body
tonsils
masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx
toxin
poison; a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants
immun/o
protection
lymph/o
lymph
lymphopoiesis
refers to the generation of lymphocytes
lymphoid
resembling lymph
lymphaden/o
lymph node (gland)
lymphadenopathy
disease of lymph nodes
lymphadenitis
inflammation of lymph nodes
splen/o
spleen
splenomegaly
enlargement of the spleen
splenectomy
removal of the spleen
asplenia
condition of no spleen
hypersplenism
a syndrome marked by splenomegaly and often associated with blood cell destruction, anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia
thym/o
thymus gland
tox/o
poison
ana-
again, anew
inter-
between
-phylaxis
protection
-stitial
pertaining to standing or positioned
what does SCID stand for?
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease
severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)
affected infants are born with a deficiency of B and T cells resulting in a lack of immunity
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system and marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic problems
what does AIDS stand for?
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
What causes AIDS?
the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which destroys helper T cells
opportunistic infections
when the immune response is disrupted it lowers resistance and allows infections to take over
candidiasis
an opportunistic infection with AIDS is a yeast-like fungus, normally present in the mouth, skin, intestinal tract, and vagina which overgrows causing infection of the mouth (thrush), respiratory tract, and skin
cryptococcal infection (Crypto)
an opportunistic infection with AIDS is a yeast-like fungus which causes lung, brain, and blood infections. This pathogen is found in pigeon droppings and nesting places, air, water, and soil
cryptosporidiosis
an opportunistic infection with AIDS which is a parasitic infection of the gastrointestinal tract and brain and spinal cord. This pathogen is a one-celled organism commonly found in farm animals
cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection
an opportunistic infection with AIDS and is a virus that causes enteritis and retinitis. Found in saliva, semen, cervical secretions, urine feces, blood, and breast milk, but usually disease only when the immune system is compromised
retinitis
inflammation of the retina t the back of the eye
what does CMV stand for?
CytoMegaloVirus infection
herpes simplex
an opportunistic infection with AIDS which is a viral infection causing small blisters on the skin of the lips or nose or on the genitals and can also cause encephalitis
histoplasmosis (Histo)
an opportunistic infection with AIDS which is a fungal infection caused by inhalation of dust contaminated with Histoplasma capsulatum; fever chills, and lung infection. This pathogen is found in bird and bat droppings
Mycobacterium avium-intracellular (MAI) complex infection
an opportunistic infection with AIDS which is a bacterial disease manifesting with fever, malaise, night sweats, anorexia, diarrhea, weight loss, and lung and blood infections
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
an opportunistic infection with AIDS which is a one-celled organism causing lung infection, with fever, cough, and chest pain. This pathogen is found in air, water, and soil and is carried by animals.
How is PCP treated?
it is treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim), a combination of antibiotics, or with pentamidine. Aerosolized pentamidine, which is inhaled can prevent occurrence
toxoplasmosis (Toxo)
an opportunistic infection with AIDS which is a parasitic infection involving the central nervous system (CNS) and causing fever, chills, visual disturbances, confusion, hemiparesis, and seizures. The pathogen is acquired by eating uncooked lamb or pork, unpasteurized dairy products or raw eggs or vegetables
tuberculosis (TB)
an opportunistic infection with AIDS which is a bacterial disease involving the lungs, brain, and other organs. Signs and symptoms are fever, cough, loss of weight, anorexia, and blood in sputum
Kaposi sarcoma
a cancer arising from the lining cells of capillaries that produces dark purplish skin nodule
lymphoma
cancer of lymph nodes
wasting syndrome
marked by weight loss and decrease in muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity
HIV-positive
persons who were exposed to HIC and now have antibodies in their blood against the virus
what are the three routes HIV may be transmitted?
- sexual contact
- blood inoculation (through sharing contaminated needles, accidental needlesticks, or contact with contaminated blood or blood products
- infected mothers to newborns
how long can HIV-infected patients remain asymptomatic?
10 years
What are the signs and symptoms of HIV?
lymphadenopathy, neurologic disease, oral thrush, night sweats, fatigue, and evidence of opportunistic infections
reverse transcriptase (RT)
a viral enzyme drug used to treat AIDS, after invading the helper T cell, HIV releases the drug to help it grow and and multiply inside the cell
examples of reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs)
zidovudine and lamivudine
protease inhibitors
a second class of anti-HIV drugs, HIV needs protease to reproduce
What does HAART stand for?
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
allergy
abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen
all/o
other
allergic reactions
occur when a sensitized person, who has previously been exposed to an agent (allergen), reacts violently to a subsequent exposure
allergic rhinitis
hay fever (mild allergic reaction)
systemic anaphylaxis
an extraordinary hypersensitivity reaction occurs throughout the body, leading to a fall in blood pressure (hypotension), shock, respiratory distress, and edema (swelling) of the larynx
asthma
caused by pollens, dust, and mold
hives
caused by food or drugs
atopic dermatitis
rash from soaps, cosmetics, and chemicals
atopic
related to atopy
atopy
a hypersensitivity or allergic state arising from an inherited predisposition
what does it mean when a person is atopic?
they are prone to allergies
lymphoma
malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue
What are the 3 types of lymphoma?
- Hodgkin disease
- multiple myeloma
- thymoma
Hodgkin disease
a malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes
lymphadenopathy
enlarged lymph nodes
Reed-Sternberg cell
a malignant cell used to diagnose Hodgkin disease
what are the symptoms of Hodgkin disease?
lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, fever, weakness, and loss of weight and appetite
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas
include follicular lymphoma and large cell lymphoma
follicular lymphoma
composed of collections of small lymphocytes in a follicle or nodule arrangement
large cell lymphoma
composed of large lymphocytes that infiltrate nodes and tissues diffusely
multiple myeloma
malignant tumor of bone marrow cells
plasma cells
antibody-producing B lymphocytes
Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
a disorder of malignant B cells that produce large quantities of IgM and impairs the passage of blood through capillaries in the brain and eyes causing hyperviscosity syndrome
What is IgM?
a type of immunoglobulin with a high molecular weight
hyperviscosity syndrome
thickening of the blood
thymoma
malignant tumor of the thymus gland
CD4+ cell count
measures the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream of patients with AIDS
What is a normal CD4+ cell count?
between 500-1500 per mm3, if it falls below 250-200 it is recommended to start anti-HIV drug treatment
ELISA
screening test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream
Western blot test
a test that confirms ELISA
What does ELISA stand for?
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
immunoelectrophoresis
test that separates immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD)
viral load test
measurement of the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream
What are the two viral load tests?
- PCR
- NASBA
What does PCR stand for?
Polymerase Chain Reaction
What does NASBA stand for?
Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification
computed tomography (CT) scan
X-ray imaging produces cross-sectional and other views of anatomic structures
CD4+ cell
helper T cells
CD8+ cell
cytotoxic T cells
Crypto
cryptococcus
CMV
cytomegalovirus
G-CSF
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
GM-CSF
granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
HAART
highly active antiretroviral therapy
HD
Hodgkin disease
Histo
histoplasmosis
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
HSV
herpes simplex virus
IL1 to IL5
interleukins
KS
Kaposi sarcoma
MAI
mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
MoAb
monnoclonal antibody
NHL
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
PCP
pneumocystis pneumonia
PI
protease inhibitor
RTI
reverse transcriptase inhibitor
SCID
severe combined immunodeficiency disease
Treg
regulatory T cell (suppressor T cell)
Toxo
toxoplasmosis
