Module 16: Skin Flashcards
adipocyte
a fat cell
albino
a person with skin deficient in pigment (melanin)
apocrine sweat gland
one of the large dermal exocrine glands located in the zilla and genital areas. It secretes sweat that, in conjunction with bacteria, is responsible for human body odor
basal layer
the deepest region of the epidermis; it gives rise to all the epidermal cells
collagen
structural protein found in the skin and connective tissue
cuticle
a band of epidermis at the base and sides of the nail plate
dermis
the middle layer of the skin; a dense, fibrous, connective tissue layer containing collagen
eccrine sweat gland
the most numerous sweat-producing exocrine gland in the skin; tiny coiled structures located throughout the dermis
epidermis
the outermost layer of the skin; a thin, cellular membrane containing keratin
epithelium
the layer of skin cells forming the outer and inner surfaces of the body
hair follicles
a sac within which each hair grows
integumentary system
the system which includes the skin and accessory structures such as hair and nails
keratin
a hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails. It means horn and is commonly found in the horns of animals
lunula
the half-moon-shaped, whitish area at the base of the nail
melanin
the skin pigment. It is formed by melanocytes in the epidermis
eumelanin
is brown-black skin pigment
pheomelanin
is red-yellow skin pigment
paronychium
a soft tissue surrounding the nail border
pore
a tiny opening on the surface of the skin
sebaceous gland
an oil-secreting gland in the dermis that is associated with hair follicles
sebum
an oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands
squamous epithelium
flat, scale-like cells composing the epidermis
stratified
arranged in layers
stratum (plural: strata)
a layer (of cells)
stratum corneum
the outermost layer of the epidermis, which consists of flattened keratinized cells
subcutaneous layer
the innermost layer of the skin, containing thick, fat tissue
adip/o
fat
adipose
pertaining to fat
albin/o
white
albinism
inherited absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes
caus/o
burn, burning
cauter/o
heat, burn
causalgia
burning pain
electrocautery
the use of a heated instrument to burn tissue
cutane/o
skin
subcutaneous
pertaining to the third layer of skin
derm/o, dermat/o
skin
dermabrasion
a treatment for removal of superficial scars or wrinkles
epidermolysis
loosening of the epidermis with the development of large blisters; occurs after injury or with blister-producing diseases
diaphor/o
profuse sweating
diaphoresis
commonly called sweating
erythem/o, erythemat/o
redness
erythema
flushing; widespread redness of the skin
erythematous
pertaining to erythema
hidr/o
sweat
anhidrosis
absence of sweating
ichthy/o
dry, scaly (fish-ike)
ichthyosis
usually a hereditary condition in which the skin is dry, rough, and scaly (resembling fish scales) because of a defect in keratinization
kerat/o
hard
keratosis
excessive development of hard keratinized tissue on the skin
leuk/o
white
lip/o
fat
lipoma
benign tumor of fatty tissue
liposuction
the removal of subcutaneous fat tissue through a tube that is introduced into the fatty area via a small incision. The fat is aspirated (suctioned out)
melan/o
black
anthrac/o
black (as coal)
chlor/o
green
cirr/o
tawny yellow
cyan/o
blue
eosin/o
rosy
erythr/o
red
jaund/o
yellow
lute/o
yellow
poli/o
gray
xanth/o
yellow
myc/o
fungus (includes yeasts, molds, and mushrooms)
onych/o
nail
par-
near or beside
paronychia
inflammation and swelling of the soft tissue around the nail and is associated with torn cuticles or ingrown nails
phyt/o
plant
pil/o
hair, hair follicle
pilosebaceous unit
pertaining to the hair follicle and attached sebaceous gland
py/o
pus
pyoderma
pus within the skin
impetigo
is a purulent (pus containing) skin disease caused by bacterial infection
rhytid/o
wrinkle
rhytidectomy
cosmetic plastic surgery to remove wrinkles and excess skin; also called rhytidoplasty or face lift
seb/o
sebum
seborrhea
excessive secretion from sebaceous glands
common name for seborrheic dermatitis
dandruff
squam/o
scale-like
squamous epithelium
cells are flat and scale-like; pavement epithelium
steat/o
fat
trich/o
hair
hypertrichosis
abnormal condition of excessive hair growth
ungu/o
nail
subungual
pertaining to below the nail
xanthoma
nodules develop under the skin owing to excess lipid deposits and can be associated with a high cholesterol level
-elasma
a flat plate
xer/o
dry
xerosis
very dry skin
what is the skins measurements in an average adult?
weighs 8-10 pounds and extends over an area of 22 square feet
what are the functions of the skin?
- a protective membrane over the entire body
- contains 2 types of glands that produce important secretions
- nerve fibres under the skin are receptors
- different tissues in the skin maintain body temperature
Langerhans cells
are specialized cells that react to the presence of antigens and have an immune function
occulocutaneous albinism vs. ocular albinism?
affects eyes, skin, and hair vs. eyes only
colla meaning
glue
collagen
a fibrous protein material found in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments as well as in the skin; it is tough and resistant but also flexible
stria
commonly known as stretch marks; when weight gain may break the elastic fibers of collagen resulting in linear markings
how many hairs are on the body?
about 5 million hairs on the body, and about 100,000 are on the head and grow about 1/2 inch per month
how fast do fingernails grow?
about 1mm per week which means it takes them about 3-5 months to regrow
how fast do toenails grow?
they grow more slowly than fingernails; it takes 12-18 months to be replaced completely
lesion
is an area of abnormal tissue anywhere on or in the body
lesion: crust
collection of fried serum and cellular debris
lesion: cyst
thick-walled, closed sac or pouch containing fluid or semisolid material
pilondial cyst
found over the sacral area of the back in the midline and contains hairs
pil/o
hair
nid/o
nest
sebaceous cyst
a collection of yellowish, cheesy sebum commonly found on the scalp, vulva, and scrotum
lesion: erosion
wearing away or loss of epidermis
lesion: fissure
groove or crack-like sore
lesion: macule
flat lesion measuring less than 1 cm in diameter
lesion: nodule
solid, round or oval elevated lesion 1 cm or more in diameter
lesion: papule
small (less than 1 cm in diameter), solid elevation of the skin
example of a papule?
pimples
lesion: polyp
growth extending from the surface of mucous membrane
lesion: pustule
papule containing pus
abscess
collection of pus
lesion: ulcer
open sore on the skin or mucous membranes (deeper than an erosion)
decubitus ulcers
bedsores; are caused by pressure that results from lying in one position
lesion: vesicle
small collection (papule) of clear fluid (serum); blister
bulla (plural: bullae)
is a large vesicle
lesion: wheal
smooth, edematous (swollen) papule or plaque that is redder or paler than the surrounding skin
alopecia
absence of hair from areas where it normally grows
alopecia areata
an autoimmune disease in which hair falls out in patches without scarring or inflammation
ecchymosis, eccymoses
bluish-purplish mark (bruise) on the skin
ec-
out
chym/o
pour
petechia, petechiae
small, pinpoint hemorrhage
purpura
bleeding into the skin
pruritus
itching
acne
chronic papular and pustular eruption of the skin with increased production of sebum
acne vulgaris
is caused by the buildup of sebum and keratin in the pores of the skin
blackhead or open comedo (plural: comedones)
is a sebum plu partially blocking the pore
whitehead
if the pore becomes completely blocked; a closed comedo forms
burns
injury to tissue caused by heat contact
what may burns be caused by?
dry heat (fire), moist heat (steam or liquids), chemicals, lightning, electricity, or radiation
how are burns classified?
first degree, second degree, and third degree
first degree burns
superficial epidermal lesions, erythema, hyperesthesia, and no blisters
second degree burns
partial thickness burn injury; epidermal and dermal lesions, erythema, blisters, and hyperesthesia
third degree burns
full thickness burn injury; epidermis and dermis are destroyed (necrosis of skin), and subcutaneous layer is damaged, leaving charred, white tissue
cellulitis
diffuse, acute infection of the skin marked by local heat, redness, pain, and swelling
eczema (atopic dermatitis)
inflammatory skin disease with erythematous, papulovesicular, or papalosquamous lesions
atopic dermatitis
a rash that often begins on face, hands, elbows, or knees
exanthematous viral diseases
rash (exanthem) of the skin due to a viral infectionrube
what are examples of exanthematous viral disease?
rubella, rubeola, and varicella
rubella
German measles
rubeola
measles
varicella
chickenpox
common exanthematous viral diseases
erythema infectiosum and hand-foot-and-mouth disease
what does atopy mean?
out of place or unusual
gangrene
death of tissue associated with loss of blood supply
impetigo
bacterial inflammatory skin disease characterized by vesicles, pustules, and crusted-over lesions
pyoderma
contagious and usually caused by staphylococci or streptococci
psoriasis
chronic, recurrent dermatosis marked by itchy, scaly, red plaques covered by silvery gray scales
palliative
relieving treatment but not curing
scabies
contagious, parasitic infection of the skin with intense pruritus
scleroderma
chronic progressive disease of the skin and internal organs with hardening and shrinking of connective tissue
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of collagen in skin, joints, and internal organs
discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)
a photosensitive, scaling, plaque-like eruption of the skin confined to the face, scalp, ears, chest, arms, and back which heals from scarring
lupus vulgaris
a cutaneous form of tuberculosis
tinea
infection of the skin caused by a fungus
tinea corporis or ringworm
because the infection is in a ring-like pattern, is highly contagious and causes severe pruritus
tinea pedis
athlete’s foot, which affects the skin between the toes
tinea capitis
fungus on the scalp
tinea barbae
fungus affecting the skin under a beard
tinea unguium
fungus affecting the nails
urticaria (hives)
acute allergic reaction in which red, round wheals develop on the skin
angioedema
swelling around the face
vitiligo
loss of pigment (depigmentation) in areas of the skin (milk-white patches); a form of leukoderma
callus
increased growth of cells in the keratin layer of the epidermis caused by pressure or friction
keloid
excess hypertrophied, thickened scar developing after trauma or surgical incision
cicatrix
a normal scar left by a healed wound
keratosis
thickened and rough lesion of the epidermis; associated with aging or skin damage
actinic keratosis
caused by long-term ultraviolet light exposure and is a precancerous lesion that can evolve into squamous cell carcinoma
seborrheic keratosis
a benign lesion that results from overgrowth of the upper epidermis and is dark in colour
leukoplakia
white, thickened patches on mucous membrane tissue of the togue or cheek (evolves to squamous cell carcinoma)
nevus, nevi
pigmented lesion of the skin
dysplastic nevi
are moles that have atypical cells and may progress to form a type of skin cancer called melanoma
verruca, verrucae
epidermal growth (wart) caused by a virus
verruca vulgaris
the common wart; is the most frequent type of wart
plantar warts
occur on the soles of the feet
basal cell carcinoma
malignant tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant tumor of the squamous epithelial cells in the epidermis
actinic keratoses
sun related, premalignant lesions in people with sun-damaged skin
malignant melanoma
cancerous growth composed of melanocytes
Kaposi sarcoma
malignant, vascular, neoplastic growth characterized by cutaneous nodules
What are the ABCDEs of melanoma?
Asymmetry
Border
Colour
Diameter
Evolution
bacterial analyses
samples of skin are examined for presence of microorganisms
exudate
fluid that accumulates
fungal tests
scrapings from skin lesions, hair specimens, or nail clippings are sent to a laboratory for culture and microscopic examination
cryosurgery
use of subfreezing temperature achieve with liquid nitrogen application to destroy tissue
curettage
use of a sharp curette to scrape away a skin lesion
electrodesiccation
tissue is destroyed by burning with an electric spark
Mohs surgery
thin layers of malignant tissue are removed removed, and each slice is examined under a microscope to check for adequate extent of the resection
skin biopsy
suspected malignant skin lesions are removed and examined microscopically by a pathologist
punch biopsy
a surgical instrument that removes a core of tissue obtained by rotation of its sharp, circular edge
shave biopsy
tissue is excised using a cut parallel to the surface of the surrounding skin
skin test
substances are injected intradermally or applied to the skin and results are observed
patch test
an allergen-treated piece of gauze or filter paper is applied to the skin
scratch test
several scratches are made in the skin and a very minute amount of test material is inserted into the scratches
Bx
biopsy
Derm
dermatology
DLE
discoid lupus erythematosus
PPD
purified protein derivative - used in skin test for tuberculosis
PUVA
psoralen-ultraviolet A light therapy; treatments for psoriasis and other skin conditions
SLE
systemic lupus erythematosus
SC
subcutaneous
onycholysis
a separation of the nail plate from the nail bed in fungal infections
what is the common form of skin cancer?
basal cell carcinoma
a skin tag is a lesion that is pedunculated, meaning what?
it grows on a stalk
What kind of test can confirm exposure to tuberculosis?
Mantoux skin test
