Module 17: Sense Organs (Eyes and Ears) Flashcards
accommodation
normal adjustment of the eye to focus on objects from far to near. The ciliary body adjusts the lens (rounding it) and the pupil constricts. When the eye focuses from near to far, the ciliary body flattens the lens and the pupil dilates
anterior chamber
area behind the cornea and in front of the lens and iris; it contains the aqueous humor
aqueous humor
fluid produced by the ciliary body and found in the anterior chamber; a humor is any body fluid, including blood and lymph
biconvex
consisting of two surfaces that are rounded, elevated, and curved evenly, like part of a sphere; the lens of the eye is a biconvex body
choroid
middle, vascular layer of the eye, between the retina and the sclera
ciliary body
structure surrounding the lens that connects the choroid and iris; it contains ciliary muscles, which control the shape of the lens and it secretes aqueous humor
cone
photoreceptor cell in the retina that transforms light energy into a nerve impulse; cones are responsible for color and central vision
conjunctiva
delicate membrane lining the undersurface of the eyelids and covering the anterior eyeball
cornea
fibrous transparent layer of clear tissue that extends over the anterior portion of the eyeball; meaning horny, perhaps because it protrudes outward, it was thought to resemble a horn
fovea centralis
tiny pit or depression in the retina that is the region of clearest vision
fundus of the eye
posterior, inner part of the eye
iris
pigmented (colour) layer that opens and closes to allow more or less light into the eye; the central opening of the iris is the pupil
lens
transparent, biconvex body behind the pupil of the eye; it bends (refracts) light rays to bring them into focus on the retina
macula
ywllowish region on the retina lateral to and slightly below the optic disc; contains the fovea centralis, which is the area of clearest vision
optic chiasm
point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain
optic disc
region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina; it is the blind spot of the eye because it contains only nerve fibers, no rods or cones and is thus insensitive to light
optic nerve
cranial nerve carrying impulses from the retina to the brain (cerebral cortex)
pupil
central opening of the eye, surrounded by the iris, through which light rays pass; it appears dark
refraction
bending of light rays by the cornea, lens, and fluids of the eye to bring the rays into focus on the retina
refract
means to break back
-fract
break
re-
back
retina
light-sensitive nerve cell layer of the eye containing photoreceptor cells (rods and cones)
rod
photoreceptor cell of the retina essential for vision in dim light and for peripheral vision
sclera
tough, white outer coat of the eyeball
thalamus
relay center of the brain; optic nerve fibers pass through the thalamus on their way to the cerebral cortex
vitreous humor
soft, jelly-like material behind the lens in the vitreous chamber; helps maintain the shape of the eyeball
aque/o
water
blephar/o
eyelid
blepharoptosis
sagging or prolapse of the eyelid
conjunctiv/o
conjunctiva
conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva
what is the common name for conjunctivitis?
pinkeye
cor/o
pupil
anisocoria
inequality in the size of pupils
corne/o
cornea
corneal abrasion
rubbing off of the outer part of the cornea
cycl/o
ciliary body or muscle of the eye
cycloplegic
pertaining to paralysis of the ciliary muscles
dacry/o
tears, tear duct
dacryoadenitis
inflammation of the tear glands
ir/o or irid/o
iris (coloured portion of the eye around the pupil)
iritis
inflammation of the iris
iridic
pertaining to the iris
iridectomy
a portion of the iris is removed to improve drainage of aqueous humor or to extract a foreign body
kerat/o
cornea
keratitis
inflammation of the cornea
lacrim/o
tears
lacrimal
pertaining to tears
ocul/o
eye
intraocular
pertaining to within the eye
ophthalm/o
eye
opt/o or optic/o
eye, vision
palpebr/o
eyelid
papill/o
optic disc; nippple-like
phac/o or phak/o
lens of the eye
pupill/o
pupil
retin/o
retina
scler/o
sclera (white of the eye); hard
uve/o
uvea; vascular layer of the eye (iris, ciliary body, and choroid)
vitre/o
glassy
ambly/o
dull, dim
dipl/o
double
glauc/o
gray
mi/o
smaller, less
mydr/o
widen, enlarge
nyct/o
night
phot/o
light
presby/o
old age
scot/o
darkness
xer/o
dry
-opia
vision
-opsia
vision
-tropia
to turn
astigmatism
defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye; irregular cornea
hyperopia (hypermetropia)
farsightedness; improper focus behind the retina
myopia
nearsightedness; improper focus in front of the retina
presbyopia
impairment of vision as a result of old age
exotropia
one eye turns outward; wall-eyed
eso-
inward
cataract
clouding of the lens, causing decreased vision
chalazion
small, hard, cystic mass (granuloma) on the eyelid
diabetic retinopathy
retinal effects of diabetes mellitus include microaneurysms, hemorrhages, dilation of retinal veins, and neovascularization (ne blood vessels form in the retina)
glaucoma
increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision
tonometry
used to diagnose glaucoma with an instrument applied externally to the eye after administration of local anesthetic
acute glaucoma
is marked by extreme ocular pain, blurred vision, redness of the eye, and dilation of the pupil; if untreated, can cause blindness
trabeculoplasty
laser therapy for chronic open-angle glaucoma causes scarring in the drainage angle. which improves aqueous humor outflow and reduces intraocular pressure
blepharitis
inflammation of eyelid, causing redness, crusting, and swelling along lid margins
chalazion
granuloma formed around an inflamed sebaceous gland
dacryocystitis
blockage, inflammation, and infection of a nasolacrimal duct and lacrimal sac, causing redness and swelling in the region between the nose and the lower lid
ectropion
outward sagging and eversion of the eyelid, leading to improper lacrimation and corneal drying and ulceration
entropion
inversion of the eyelid, causing the lashes to rub against the eye; corneal abrasion may result
hordeolum (stye)
infection of a sebaceous gland producing a small, superficial white nodule along lid margin
ptosis
drooping of upper lid margin as a result of neuromuscular problems or trauma
xanthelasma
raised yellowish plaque on eyelid caused by lipid disorder
xanth/o
yellow
-elasma
plate
hordeolum (stye or sty)
localized, purulent, inflammatory staphylococcal infection of a sebaceous gland in the eyelid
macular degeneration
progressive damage to the macula of the retina
drusen
extracellular debris
nystagmus
repetitive rhythmic movements of one or both eyes
retinal detachment
two layers of the retina separate from each other
photopsia
bright flashes of light
floaters
black spots or filmy shapes
photocoagulation
making pinpoint burns to form scar tissue and seal holes
cryotherapy
creating a “freezer burn” that forms a scar and knits a tear together
scleral buckle
made of silicone is sutured to the sclera directly over the detached portion of the retina to push the two retinal layers together
pneumatic retinopexy
a procedure where a gas bubble is injected into the vitreous cavity to put pressure on the area of retinal tear until the retina is reattached
strabismus
abnormal deviation of the eye
esotropia
one eye turns inward; cross-eyed
hypertropia
upward deviation of one eye
hypotropia
downward deviation of one eye
amblyopia
partial loss of vision or lazy eye
diplopia
double vision
fluorescein angiography
intravenous injection of fluorescein (a dye) followed by serial photographs of the retina through dilated pupils
ophthalmoscopy
visual examination of the interior of the eye
slit lamp microscopy
examination of anterior ocular structures under microscopic magnification
ton/o
pressure
visual acuity test
clarity of vision is assessed
Snellen chart
a patient reads at 20 feet (distance vision test)
visual field test
measurement of the area (peripheral and central) within which objects are seen when the eyes are fixed, looking straight ahead without movement of the head
direct ophthalmoscopy
examines the fundus and interior of the eye
slit lamp microscopy
visualizes the anterior part of the eye
enucleation
removal of the entire eyeball
keratoplasty
surgical repair of the cornea
corneal transplant
a procedure where the ophthalmic surgeon removes the patient’s surgeon removes the patient’s scarred or opaque cornea and replaces it with a donor cornea which is sutured into place
laser photocoagulation
intense, precisely focused light beam (argon laser) creates an inflammatory reaction that seals tears and leaky retinal blood vessels
LASIK
use of an excimer laser to correct errors of refraction (myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism)
phacoemulsification
ultrasonic vibrations break up the lens, which then is aspirated through the ultrasonic probe
scleral buckle
suture of a silicone band to the sclera over a detached portion of the retina
AMD
Age-related Macular Degeneration
HEENT
Head, Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
IOL
Intraocular Lens
IOP
Intraocular Pressure
LASIK
Laser In Situ Keratomileusis
OD
right eye (Latin, Oculus Dexter); doctor of optometry (optometrist)
OS
left eye (Latin, Oculus Sinister)
OU
both eyes (Latin, Oculus Uterque, “each eye”)
PERRLA
Pupils Equal, Round, Reactive to Light and Accommodation
POAG
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
PRK
Photorefractive Keratectomy; a laser beam flattens the cornea to correct myopia
VA
Visual Acuity
VF
Visual Field
Order from outside of ear to brain
Outer Ear
1. pinna
2. external auditory canal
3. tympanic membrane
Middle Ear
4. malleus
5. incus
6. stapes
7. oval window
Inner Ear
8. cochlea
9. auditory liquids and receptors in the organ of Corti
10. auditory nerve fibers
Brain
11. cerebral cortex
auditory canal
channel that leads from the pinna to the eardrum
auditory meatus
auditory canal
auditory nerve fibers
carry impulses from the inner ear to the brain (cerebral cortex); these fibers compose the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII)
auditory tube
channel between the middle ear and the nasopharynx; eustachian tube
auricle
flap of the ear; the protruding part of the external ear; or pinna
cerumen
waxy substances secreted by the external ear; also called earwax
cochlea
snail shell-shaped, spirally wound tube in the inner ear; contains hearing-sensitive receptor cells
endolymph
fluid within the labyrinth of the inner ear
eustachian tube
auditory tube
incus
second ossicle (bone) of the middle ear; incus means anvil
labyrinth
maze-like series of canals of the inner ear; this includes the cochlea, vestibules, and semicircular canals
malleus
first ossicle of the middle ear; malleus means hammer
organ of Corti
sensitive auditory receptor area found in the cochlea of the inner ear
ossicle
small bone of the ear; includes the malleus, incus, and stapes
oval window
membrane between the middle ear and the inner ear
perilymph
fluid contained in the labyrinth of the inner ear
pinna
auricle; flap of the ear
semicircular canals
passages in the inner ear associated with maintaining equilibrium
stapes
third ossicle of the middle ear; means stirrup
tympanic membrane
membrane between the outer and the middle ear; also called the eardrum
vestibule
central cavity of the labyrinth, connecting the semicircular canals and the cochlea; they contain two structures, the saccule an utricle that help to maintain equilibrium
acous/o
hearing
audi/o
hearing; the sense of hearing
audit/o
hearing
aur/o or auricil/o
ear
cochle/o
cochlea
mastoid/o
mastoid process
myring/o
eardrum, tympanic membrance
ossicul/o
ossicle
ot/o
ear
salping/o
eustachian tube, auditory tube
audiogram vs. audiometry
the record (chart) produced when an individual’s hearing is tested by an specific instrument
staped/o
stapes (third bone of the middle ear)
tympan/o
eardrum, tympanic membrane
vestibul/o
vestibule
-acusis or -cusis
hearing
-meter
instrument to measure
-otia
ear condition
acoustic neuroma
benign tumor arising from the acoustic vestibulocochlear nerve (eighth cranial nerve) in the brain
tinnitus
ringing in the ears
vertigo
dizziness
radiosurgery
using powerful and precise x-ray beams rather than a surgical incision
cholesteatoma
collection of skin cells and cholesterol in a sac within the middle ear
deafness
loss of the ability to hear
nerve deafness (sensorineural hearing loss)
results from impairment of the cochlea or auditory nerve
conductive deafness
results from impairment of the middle ear ossicles and membranes transmitting sound waves into the cochlea
Meniere disease
disorder of the labyrinth of the inner ear; elevated endolymph pressure within the cochlea (cochlear hydrops) and semicircular canals (vestibular hydrops)
otitis media
inflammation of the middle ear
suppurative otitis media
bas bacteria invade the middle ear, pus formation occurs
serous otitis media
is a noninfectious inflammation with accumulation of serous fluid
otosclerosis
hardening of the bony tissue of the middle ear
fenestrated
opened
tinnitus
sensation of noises (ringing, buzzing, whistling, booming) in the ears
vertigo
sensation of irregular or whirling motion either of oneself or of external objects
audiometry
testing the sense of hearing
audiometer
is an electrical device that delivers acoustic stimuli of specific frequencies to determine a patient’s hearing loss for each frequency; the result is an audiogram
cochlear implant procedure
surgical insertion of a device that allows sensorineural hearing-impaired persons to understand speech
ear thermometry
measurement of the temperature of the tympanic membrane by detection of infrared radiation from the eardrum
otoscopy
visual examination of the ear canal with an otoscope
tuning fork test
test of ear conduction using a vibration source (tuning fork)
Rinne test
the examiner places the base of the vibrating fork against the patient’s mastoid bone and in front of the auditory meatus
Wber test
the tuning fork is placed on the center of the forehead
AD
right ear (Latin, Auris Dextra)
AOM
Acute Otitis Media
AS
left ear (Latin, Auris Sinistra)
EENT
Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
ENG
Electronystagmography; a test of the balance mechanism of the inner ear by assessing eye movements
nystagmus
is rapidly twitching eye movements
ENT
Ears, Nose, and Throat
ETD
Eustachian Tube Dysfunction
HEENT
Head, Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat
PE tube
Pressure-Equalizing tube; a polyethylene ventilating tube placed in the eardrum (to trat recurrent episodes of acute otitis media)
SOM
Serous Otitis Media
List the order from the eye to the brain
Eye
1. cornea
2. anterior chamber and aqueous humor
3. pupil
4. lens
5. vitreous chamber and vitreous humor
6. retina (rods and cones)
Brain
7. optic nerve fibers
8. optic chiasm
9. thalamus (relay center)
10. cerebral cortex (occipital lobe)
binocular vision
the ability to see one image using both eyes
amblyopia
a condition where there is partial loss of vision
xanthelasma
a raised yellowish plaque on the eyelid caused by a lipid disorder
a glaucoma treatment that improves drainage of aqueous humor and contracts the pupil of the eye is called what?
miotic
what does a visual field test measure?
your peripheral vision
phacoemulisication
a common surgery for cataract removal that uses ultrasonic vibrations to break up the lens
a patient with BPPV has episodes of what?
dizziness
a type of hearing loss results from the impairment of the middle ear ossicles and membranes that transmit sound waves into the cochlea
conductive
