Module 7: Ch. 19 Flashcards
angi/o
vessel
aden/o
gland
cancer/o
crab, cancer
capsul/o
a little box
carcin/o
cancer
chondr/o
cartilage
chori/o
chorion
cyt/o
cell
dendr/o
tree
duct/o
to lead
fibr/o
fiber
filtrat/o
to strain through
gli/o
glue
hem/o
blood
immun/o
safe, immunity
lei/o
smooth
leuk/o
white
lip/o
fat
lymph/o
lymph
malign/o
bad kind
medull/o
marrow
melan/o
black
mening/i
meninges, membrane
mucos/o
mucus
mutat/o
to change
my/o
muscle
myc/o
fungus
myel/o
bone marrow
nephr/o
kidney
neur/o
nerve
onc/o
tumor
oste/o
bone
palliat/o
cloaked
remiss/o
remit
reticul/o
net
retin/o
retina
rhabd/o
rod
sarc/o
flesh
semin/i
seed
stom/o
mouth
suppress/o
suppress
terat/o
monster
thym/o
thymus
tox/o
poison
vir/o
virus (poison)
xer/o
dry
cancer (CA)
a Latin word meaning crab; early reports on cancer compared the disease to a crab because of its tendency to stretch out and spread like the crabs four pairs of legs; today, cancer refers to any malignant tumor (neoplasm, oncoma)
chemotherapy (chemo)
&
radiation therapy
one of the principal means of treatment for patients with cancer; it employs agents to kill cancerous cells that remain after surgery or in malignancies deemed inoperable
immunotherapy
&
photodynamic therapy
the two newest methods employed in the treatment of cancer
classification of cancer
helps determine appropriate treatment and prognosis; anatomical site of origin, grading, and staging are classifications; cell differentiation and the invasive process are also elements of the classification process
carcinoma
they make up the majority of all cancers and are malignant tumors of epithelial tissues; epithelial tissue lines body surfaces including those of glands and organs; therefore carcinomas make up the majority of the glandular cancers and are generally found in the breast, stomach, uterus, tongue, and skin
squamous carcinoma
a cancer of squamous epithelial tissue
basal cell carcinoma
the most common type of skin cancer; grows slowly
bronchogenic carcinoma
a cancer that originates in the bronchus of the respiratory tract
osteosarcoma
a cancer of bone
leukemias
cancers of the blood-forming tissues
lymphomas
cancerous tumors of the lymph nodes
myelomas
cancerous tumors arising in the hemopoietic portion of the bone marrow
mitosis
an orderly process that ensures growth, tissue repair, and cell reproduction
differentiation
a process in which immature cells undergo normal changes as they mature and assume their specialized functions
dedifferentiation
an abnormal process by which normal cells lose their specialization and become malignant
malignant cells
pertaining to a bad wandering; refers to the spreading process of cancer from one area of the body to another
Grade I
malignant tumors
the most differentiated and the least malignant tumors; only a few cells are undergoing mitosis, however, some abnormality does exist
Grade II
malignant cells
moderately undifferentiated; more cells are undergoing mitosis, and the pattern is fairly irregular
Grade III
malignant tumors
many undifferentiated cells; tissue origin can be difficult to recognize; many cells are undergoing mitosis
Grade IV
malignant tumors
the least differentiated and high degree of malignancy
invasive growth
the spreading process of a malignant tumor into adjacent normal tissue
active migration
the malignant cells break away from the neoplasm (new growth), invade surrounding tissue, divide, form secondary neoplasms, and then reunite with the primary tumor as growth continues
direct extension
multiplication of malignant cells is rapid, and subsequently spread into surrounding tissues via the interstitial (situated between the cells of a structure) spaces accompanied by engulfment and destruction of normal cells
metastasis
the process whereby cancer cells are spread from a primary site to distant secondary sites elsewhere in the body; this process usually occurs when malignant cells invade the bloodstream or lymph system and are transported to a secondary site where they become lodged and form a neoplasm
The Staging System
used for further reporting of the development and spread of cancer cells; it evaluates the spread of the tumor; this system uses the letters T (tumor), N (node), and M (metastasis) to indicate spread and uses numerical subscripts to indicate degree of tumor involvement
Stage 0
cancer in situ (limited to inner lining surface of the organ and not invading the organ)
Stage I
cancer limited to the tissue of origin and has not spread past the tissue or organ where it started
Stage II
limited local spread of cancerous cells, sometimes to lymph nodes
Stage III
extensive local and regional spread of cancer, usually to draining lymph nodes
Stage IV
distant metastasis, has spread beyond the regional lymph nodes to distant parts of the body
adenocarcinoma (Adeno-CA)
malignant tumor arising in a glandular organ
anaplasia
characteristic of most cancerous cells in which there is a loss of differentiation and an irreversible alteration in adult cells toward more embryonic cell types
astrocytoma
tumor composed of star – shaped neuroglial cells
carcinogen
agent or substance that incites or produces cancer
carcinoid
tumor derived from the argentaffin cells in the intestinal tract, bile duct, pancreas, bronchus, or ovary
chondrosarcoma
cancerous tumor derived from cartilage cells
choriocarcinoma
cancerous tumor of the uterus or at the site of an ectopic pregnancy
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
complex protein of high molecular weight found in the nucleus of every cell; controls all of the cell’s activities and the genetic material necessary for the organism’s heredity
encapsulated
enclosed within a site, sheath, or capsule
Ewing’s sarcoma
primary bone cancer occurring in the pelvic area or in one of the long bones; occurs mostly in children and adolescents
exacerbation
process of increasing the severity of symptoms; the time when the symptoms of a disease are most prevalent
fibrosarcoma
cancerous tumor arising in collagen – producing fibroblasts
fungating
process of growing rapidly, like a fungus
glioblastoma
a rapidly growing cancerous tumor of the brain
glioma
cancerous tumor of the brain
hemangiosarcoma
cancerous tumor originating in blood vessels
Hodgkin’s disease (HD)
form of lymphoma that occurs in children and young adults
human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus (HTLV)
first virus known to cause cancer in humans
hyperplasia
excessive formation and growth of normal cells
infiltrative
pertaining to the process of extending or growing into normal tissue; invasive
in situ
enclosed within a site; refers to tumor cells that remain at a site and have not invaded adjacent tissue
invasive
pertaining to the spreading process of a malignant tumor into normal tissue
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)
malignant neoplasm that causes violaceous (purplish discoloration) vascular lesions and general lymphadenopathy; often seen in patients who have AIDS
leiomyosarcoma
cancerous tumor of smooth muscle tissue
lesion
wound; an injury, altered tissue, or a single infected patch of skin
leukemia
cancer of the blood characterized by overproduction of leukocytes; cancer of the blood – forming tissues
liposarcoma
cancerous tumor of fat cells
lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)
abnormal cells found in the lobules of the breast; this condition seldom becomes invasive cancer
lymphangiosarcoma
cancerous tumor of lymphatic vessels
lymphoma
cancerous tumor of lymphoid tissue
lymphosarcoma
cancerous disease of lymphatic tissue; also called lymphoblastoma
melanoma
literally means a cancerous black mole or tumor
meningioma
cancerous tumor originating in the arachnoidal (meninges) membrane of the brain
mutagen
agent that causes a change in the DNA of an organism
mutation
process by which the DNA is changed
myosarcoma
cancerous tumor of muscle tissue
neoplasm
new tissue formed, such as an abnormal growth or tumor
nephroblastoma
cancerous tumor composed chiefly of neuroblasts; can appear anywhere but usually in the abdomen as a swelling; most often diagnosed during the first year of life
oligodendroglioma
cancerous tumor composed chiefly of neuroglial cells and located in the cerebrum
oncogenes
cancer – causing genes; genes in a virus that can induce tumor formation
oncogenic
pertaining to the potential formation of tumors, especially cancerous ones
osteogenic sarcoma
cancerous tumor composed of osseous (bone) tissue
palliative
pertaining to a form of treatment to relieve or alleviate symptoms without curing
primary site
original, initial, or principal site
proliferation
process of rapid production; growth by multiplying
remission
process of lessening the severity of symptoms; time when symptoms of a disease are controlled
reticulosarcoma
cancerous tumor of the lymphatic system
retinoblastoma
cancerous tumor of the retina; although relatively rare, it accounts for 5% of childhood blindness
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
nucleic acid found in all living cells; responsible for protein synthesis
sarcoma
cancerous tumor arising in connective tissue
secondary site
second site usually derived from the primary site
seminoma
cancerous tumor of the testis
teratoma
cancerous tumor of the ovary or testis; can contain embryonic tissues of hair, teeth, bone, or muscle
trismus
pertaining to the inability to open the mouth fully; occurs in patients with oral cancer who undergo a combination of surgery and radiation therapy
tumor
abnormal growth, swelling, or enlargement
Wilms’ tumor
cancerous tumor of the kidney occurring mainly in children
xerostomia
condition of dryness of the mouth; oral change caused by radiation therapy or chemotherapy
ACS
American Cancer Society
Adeno-CA
adenocarcinoma
AIDS
acquired immunedeficiency syndrome
ALL
acute lymphocytic leukemia
AML
acute myeloid leukemia
BRCA
breast cancer gene
BSE
breast self – examination
Bx
biopsy
CA
cancer
chemo
chemotherapy
CIS
carcinoma in situ
CLL
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
CML
chronic myelocytic leukemia
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
ERT
external radiation therapy
ETS
environmental tobacco smoke
FNA
fine needle aspiration
HD
Hodgkin’s disease
IRT
internal radiation therapy
NHL
non-– Hodgkin’s lymphoma
PSA
prostate – specific antigen
RNA
ribonucleic acid
St
stage (of disease)
TC
testicular cancer
TNM
tumor, node, metastasis
TSE
testicular self-examination
WHO
World Health Organization
