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Medical Terminology > Module 7: Ch. 19 > Flashcards

Module 7: Ch. 19 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

angi/o

A

vessel

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1
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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2
Q

cancer/o

A

crab, cancer

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3
Q

capsul/o

A

a little box

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4
Q

carcin/o

A

cancer

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5
Q

chondr/o

A

cartilage

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6
Q

chori/o

A

chorion

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7
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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8
Q

dendr/o

A

tree

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9
Q

duct/o

A

to lead

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10
Q

fibr/o

A

fiber

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11
Q

filtrat/o

A

to strain through

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12
Q

gli/o

A

glue

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13
Q

hem/o

A

blood

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14
Q

immun/o

A

safe, immunity

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15
Q

lei/o

A

smooth

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16
Q

leuk/o

A

white

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17
Q

lip/o

A

fat

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18
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph

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19
Q

malign/o

A

bad kind

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20
Q

medull/o

A

marrow

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21
Q

melan/o

A

black

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22
Q

mening/i

A

meninges, membrane

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23
Q

mucos/o

A

mucus

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24
Q

mutat/o

A

to change

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25
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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26
Q

myc/o

A

fungus

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27
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow

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28
Q

nephr/o

A

kidney

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29
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

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30
Q

onc/o

A

tumor

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31
Q

oste/o

A

bone

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32
Q

palliat/o

A

cloaked

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33
Q

remiss/o

A

remit

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34
Q

reticul/o

A

net

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35
Q

retin/o

A

retina

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36
Q

rhabd/o

A

rod

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37
Q

sarc/o

A

flesh

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38
Q

semin/i

A

seed

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39
Q

stom/o

A

mouth

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40
Q

suppress/o

A

suppress

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41
Q

terat/o

A

monster

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42
Q

thym/o

A

thymus

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43
Q

tox/o

A

poison

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44
Q

vir/o

A

virus (poison)

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45
Q

xer/o

A

dry

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46
Q

cancer (CA)

A

a Latin word meaning crab; early reports on cancer compared the disease to a crab because of its tendency to stretch out and spread like the crabs four pairs of legs; today, cancer refers to any malignant tumor (neoplasm, oncoma)

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47
Q

chemotherapy (chemo)
&
radiation therapy

A

one of the principal means of treatment for patients with cancer; it employs agents to kill cancerous cells that remain after surgery or in malignancies deemed inoperable

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48
Q

immunotherapy
&
photodynamic therapy

A

the two newest methods employed in the treatment of cancer

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49
Q

classification of cancer

A

helps determine appropriate treatment and prognosis; anatomical site of origin, grading, and staging are classifications; cell differentiation and the invasive process are also elements of the classification process

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50
Q

carcinoma

A

they make up the majority of all cancers and are malignant tumors of epithelial tissues; epithelial tissue lines body surfaces including those of glands and organs; therefore carcinomas make up the majority of the glandular cancers and are generally found in the breast, stomach, uterus, tongue, and skin

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51
Q

squamous carcinoma

A

a cancer of squamous epithelial tissue

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52
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

the most common type of skin cancer; grows slowly

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53
Q

bronchogenic carcinoma

A

a cancer that originates in the bronchus of the respiratory tract

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54
Q

osteosarcoma

A

a cancer of bone

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55
Q

leukemias

A

cancers of the blood-forming tissues

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56
Q

lymphomas

A

cancerous tumors of the lymph nodes

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57
Q

myelomas

A

cancerous tumors arising in the hemopoietic portion of the bone marrow

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58
Q

mitosis

A

an orderly process that ensures growth, tissue repair, and cell reproduction

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59
Q

differentiation

A

a process in which immature cells undergo normal changes as they mature and assume their specialized functions

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60
Q

dedifferentiation

A

an abnormal process by which normal cells lose their specialization and become malignant

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61
Q

malignant cells

A

pertaining to a bad wandering; refers to the spreading process of cancer from one area of the body to another

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62
Q

Grade I

malignant tumors

A

the most differentiated and the least malignant tumors; only a few cells are undergoing mitosis, however, some abnormality does exist

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63
Q

Grade II

malignant cells

A

moderately undifferentiated; more cells are undergoing mitosis, and the pattern is fairly irregular

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64
Q

Grade III

malignant tumors

A

many undifferentiated cells; tissue origin can be difficult to recognize; many cells are undergoing mitosis

65
Q

Grade IV

malignant tumors

A

the least differentiated and high degree of malignancy

66
Q

invasive growth

A

the spreading process of a malignant tumor into adjacent normal tissue

67
Q

active migration

A

the malignant cells break away from the neoplasm (new growth), invade surrounding tissue, divide, form secondary neoplasms, and then reunite with the primary tumor as growth continues

68
Q

direct extension

A

multiplication of malignant cells is rapid, and subsequently spread into surrounding tissues via the interstitial (situated between the cells of a structure) spaces accompanied by engulfment and destruction of normal cells

69
Q

metastasis

A

the process whereby cancer cells are spread from a primary site to distant secondary sites elsewhere in the body; this process usually occurs when malignant cells invade the bloodstream or lymph system and are transported to a secondary site where they become lodged and form a neoplasm

70
Q

The Staging System

A

used for further reporting of the development and spread of cancer cells; it evaluates the spread of the tumor; this system uses the letters T (tumor), N (node), and M (metastasis) to indicate spread and uses numerical subscripts to indicate degree of tumor involvement

71
Q

Stage 0

A

cancer in situ (limited to inner lining surface of the organ and not invading the organ)

72
Q

Stage I

A

cancer limited to the tissue of origin and has not spread past the tissue or organ where it started

73
Q

Stage II

A

limited local spread of cancerous cells, sometimes to lymph nodes

74
Q

Stage III

A

extensive local and regional spread of cancer, usually to draining lymph nodes

75
Q

Stage IV

A

distant metastasis, has spread beyond the regional lymph nodes to distant parts of the body

76
Q

adenocarcinoma (Adeno-CA)

A

malignant tumor arising in a glandular organ

77
Q

anaplasia

A

characteristic of most cancerous cells in which there is a loss of differentiation and an irreversible alteration in adult cells toward more embryonic cell types

78
Q

astrocytoma

A

tumor composed of star – shaped neuroglial cells

79
Q

carcinogen

A

agent or substance that incites or produces cancer

80
Q

carcinoid

A

tumor derived from the argentaffin cells in the intestinal tract, bile duct, pancreas, bronchus, or ovary

81
Q

chondrosarcoma

A

cancerous tumor derived from cartilage cells

82
Q

choriocarcinoma

A

cancerous tumor of the uterus or at the site of an ectopic pregnancy

83
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

complex protein of high molecular weight found in the nucleus of every cell; controls all of the cell’s activities and the genetic material necessary for the organism’s heredity

84
Q

encapsulated

A

enclosed within a site, sheath, or capsule

85
Q

Ewing’s sarcoma

A

primary bone cancer occurring in the pelvic area or in one of the long bones; occurs mostly in children and adolescents

86
Q

exacerbation

A

process of increasing the severity of symptoms; the time when the symptoms of a disease are most prevalent

87
Q

fibrosarcoma

A

cancerous tumor arising in collagen – producing fibroblasts

88
Q

fungating

A

process of growing rapidly, like a fungus

89
Q

glioblastoma

A

a rapidly growing cancerous tumor of the brain

90
Q

glioma

A

cancerous tumor of the brain

91
Q

hemangiosarcoma

A

cancerous tumor originating in blood vessels

92
Q

Hodgkin’s disease (HD)

A

form of lymphoma that occurs in children and young adults

93
Q

human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus (HTLV)

A

first virus known to cause cancer in humans

94
Q

hyperplasia

A

excessive formation and growth of normal cells

95
Q

infiltrative

A

pertaining to the process of extending or growing into normal tissue; invasive

96
Q

in situ

A

enclosed within a site; refers to tumor cells that remain at a site and have not invaded adjacent tissue

97
Q

invasive

A

pertaining to the spreading process of a malignant tumor into normal tissue

98
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)

A

malignant neoplasm that causes violaceous (purplish discoloration) vascular lesions and general lymphadenopathy; often seen in patients who have AIDS

99
Q

leiomyosarcoma

A

cancerous tumor of smooth muscle tissue

100
Q

lesion

A

wound; an injury, altered tissue, or a single infected patch of skin

101
Q

leukemia

A

cancer of the blood characterized by overproduction of leukocytes; cancer of the blood – forming tissues

102
Q

liposarcoma

A

cancerous tumor of fat cells

103
Q

lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)

A

abnormal cells found in the lobules of the breast; this condition seldom becomes invasive cancer

104
Q

lymphangiosarcoma

A

cancerous tumor of lymphatic vessels

105
Q

lymphoma

A

cancerous tumor of lymphoid tissue

106
Q

lymphosarcoma

A

cancerous disease of lymphatic tissue; also called lymphoblastoma

107
Q

melanoma

A

literally means a cancerous black mole or tumor

108
Q

meningioma

A

cancerous tumor originating in the arachnoidal (meninges) membrane of the brain

109
Q

mutagen

A

agent that causes a change in the DNA of an organism

110
Q

mutation

A

process by which the DNA is changed

111
Q

myosarcoma

A

cancerous tumor of muscle tissue

111
Q

neoplasm

A

new tissue formed, such as an abnormal growth or tumor

112
Q

nephroblastoma

A

cancerous tumor composed chiefly of neuroblasts; can appear anywhere but usually in the abdomen as a swelling; most often diagnosed during the first year of life

113
Q

oligodendroglioma

A

cancerous tumor composed chiefly of neuroglial cells and located in the cerebrum

114
Q

oncogenes

A

cancer – causing genes; genes in a virus that can induce tumor formation

115
Q

oncogenic

A

pertaining to the potential formation of tumors, especially cancerous ones

116
Q

osteogenic sarcoma

A

cancerous tumor composed of osseous (bone) tissue

117
Q

palliative

A

pertaining to a form of treatment to relieve or alleviate symptoms without curing

118
Q

primary site

A

original, initial, or principal site

119
Q

proliferation

A

process of rapid production; growth by multiplying

120
Q

remission

A

process of lessening the severity of symptoms; time when symptoms of a disease are controlled

121
Q

reticulosarcoma

A

cancerous tumor of the lymphatic system

122
Q

retinoblastoma

A

cancerous tumor of the retina; although relatively rare, it accounts for 5% of childhood blindness

123
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

nucleic acid found in all living cells; responsible for protein synthesis

124
Q

sarcoma

A

cancerous tumor arising in connective tissue

125
Q

secondary site

A

second site usually derived from the primary site

126
Q

seminoma

A

cancerous tumor of the testis

127
Q

teratoma

A

cancerous tumor of the ovary or testis; can contain embryonic tissues of hair, teeth, bone, or muscle

128
Q

trismus

A

pertaining to the inability to open the mouth fully; occurs in patients with oral cancer who undergo a combination of surgery and radiation therapy

129
Q

tumor

A

abnormal growth, swelling, or enlargement

130
Q

Wilms’ tumor

A

cancerous tumor of the kidney occurring mainly in children

131
Q

xerostomia

A

condition of dryness of the mouth; oral change caused by radiation therapy or chemotherapy

132
Q

ACS

A

American Cancer Society

133
Q

Adeno-CA

A

adenocarcinoma

134
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immunedeficiency syndrome

135
Q

ALL

A

acute lymphocytic leukemia

136
Q

AML

A

acute myeloid leukemia

137
Q

BRCA

A

breast cancer gene

138
Q

BSE

A

breast self – examination

139
Q

Bx

A

biopsy

140
Q

CA

A

cancer

141
Q

chemo

A

chemotherapy

142
Q

CIS

A

carcinoma in situ

143
Q

CLL

A

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

144
Q

CML

A

chronic myelocytic leukemia

145
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

146
Q

ERT

A

external radiation therapy

147
Q

ETS

A

environmental tobacco smoke

148
Q

FNA

A

fine needle aspiration

149
Q

HD

A

Hodgkin’s disease

150
Q

IRT

A

internal radiation therapy

151
Q

NHL

A

non-– Hodgkin’s lymphoma

152
Q

PSA

A

prostate – specific antigen

153
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

154
Q

St

A

stage (of disease)

155
Q

TC

A

testicular cancer

156
Q

TNM

A

tumor, node, metastasis

157
Q

TSE

A

testicular self-examination

158
Q

WHO

A

World Health Organization

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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