Module 4: Ch. 10 Flashcards
agglutin/o
clumping
aden/o
gland
all/o
other
angi/o
vessel
anis/o
unequal
bas/o
base
calc/o
lime, calcium
chromat/o
color
coagul/o
clots; to clot
cyt/o
cell
eosin/o
rose-colored
erythr/o
red
fibrin/o
fiber
fus/o
to pour
globul/o
globe
glyc/o
sweet, sugar
granul/o
little grain, granular
hemat/o
blood
hem/o
blood
immun/o
immunity
leuk/o
white
lipid/o
fat
lymph/o
lymph
macr/o
large
neutr/o
neither; neutral
plasm/o
plasma
reticul/o
net
septic/o
putrefying
ser/o
whey, serum
sider/o
iron
splen/o
spleen
thromb/o
clot
thym/o
thymus
tonsill/o
tonsil
vascul/o
small vessel
Primary Function of Blood
it is a specialized bodily fluids that delivers necessary substances to the body’s cells (oxygen, foods, salts, hormones) and transports waste products (carbon dioxide, urea, lactic acid) away from those same cells
Primary Function of Lymphatic System
1) . transport proteins and fluids, lost by capillary seepage, back to the bloodstream
2) . protect the body against pathogens by phagocytosis and immune response
3) . serve as a pathway for the absorption of fat from the small intestines into the bloodstream
Primary Function of the Spleen
major site of erythrocyte (red blood cell) destruction; serves as a reservoir for blood; acts as a filter, removing microorganisms from the blood
Primary Function of the Tonsils
filter bacteria and aid in the formation of white blood cells
Primary Function of the Thymus
plays essential role in the formation of antibodies and the development of the immune response in the newborn; manufactures infection – fighting T cells and helps distinguish normal T cells from those that attack the body’s own tissue
erythrocyte
a red blood cell that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
thrombocyte
a platelet that clots blood
leukocyte
a white blood cell; it provides body’s main defense against invasion of pathogens
- ** types of leukocytes:
a) neutrophil
b) eosinophil
c) basophil
d) monocyte
e) lymphocyte
neutrophil
protects against infection,especially by bacteria; is readily attracted to foreign antigens and destroys them by phagocytosis
eosinophil
destroys parasitic organisms; plays a key role in allergic reactions
basophil
plays a key role in releasing histamine and other chemicals that act on blood vessels; essential to nonspecific immune response to inflammation
monocyte
provides one of the first lines of defense in the inflammatory process, phagocytosis
lymphocyte
provides immune capacity to body
B lymphocyte
identifies foreign antigens and differentiates into antibody – producing plasma cells
T lymphocyte
plays essential role in the specific immune response of the body
coagulation
a complex process by which blood forms clots
ABO system
a classification system for human blood that identifies four major blood types (A, B, AB, and O; in which O designates blood that lacks both antigens) are important in determining the compatibility of blood for transfusion
Rh factor
an antigen occurring on the red cells of many blood cells
Four Major Plasma Proteins
- albumin
- globulin
- fibrinogen
- prothrombin
lymphatic system
a vessel system apart from, but connected to, the circulatory system; it returns fluids from tissue spaces to the bloodstream
lymph
a clear, colorless, alkaline fluid that is about 95% water
immune system
part of the defense mechanism of the body; it consists of the tissues, organs, and physiological processes used by the body to identify and protect against abnormal cells, foreign substances, and foreign tissue cells that may have been transplanted into the body
immunity
the state of being immune to or protected from a disease, especially an infectious disease
passive immunity
acquired through transfer of antibodies or activated T-cells from an immune host, and is short-lived, usually lasting only a few months
active immunity
it is induced in the host itself by antigen, and lasts much longer, sometimes lifelong
humoral immunity
the aspect of community that is mediated by secreted antibodies
cell-mediated immunity
provides protection involving T-lymphocytes alone
immune response
the reaction of the body to foreign substances and the means by which it protects the body
antibody-mediated immunity
a.k.a. humoral immunity, involves the production of plasma lymphocytes (B cells) in response to antigen exposure with subsequent formation
antibodies
developed in response to a specific antigen; also referred to as an immunoglobulin
cellular immunity
also known as cell – mediated immunity, it involves the production of lymphocytes (T cells) and NK (natural killer) cells that are capable of attacking foreign cells, normal cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells
T cells
(thymus dependent); their function is to provide cellular immunity
B cells
(bone marrow-derived); they provide humoral immunity
NK cells
(natural killers); they attack foreign cells, normal cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
AIDS is a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is transmitted through sexual contact, exposure to infected blood or blood components, and perinatally from mother to infant
agglutination
agglutinat -ion
clumping = process
process of clumping together, as of blood cells that are incompatible
albumin
one of a group of simple proteins found in blood plasma and serum
allergy
all -ergy
other = work
an individual hypersensitivity to a substance that is usually harmless
anaphylaxis
ana- -phylaxis
up = protection
unusual or exaggerated allergic reaction to foreign proteins or other substances; it can occur suddenly, be life-threatening, and affect the whole body
anemia
an- -emia
lack of = blood condition
literally a lack of red blood cells, it is a reduction in the number of circulating red blood cells, the amount of the hemoglobin, or the volume of packed red cells (hematocrit)
anisocytosis
anis/o cyt -osis
unequal = cell = condition
condition in which the erythrocytes are unequal in size and shape
anticoagulant
anti- coagul -ant
against = clots = forming
substance that works against the formation of blood clots; a class of medication used in certain patients to prevent blood from clotting
autoimmune disease
condition in which the body’s immune system becomes defective and produces antibodies against itself
coagulable
coagul -able
to clot = capable
capable of forming a clot
corpuscle
blood cell
embolus
blood clot carried in the bloodstream; a mass of undissolved matter present in a blood or lymphatic vessel and brought there by the blood or lymph current
erythroblast
erythr/o -blast
red = immature cell
immature red blood cell that is found only in bone marrow and still contains a nucleus
erythrocyte
erythr/o -cyte
red = cell
mature red blood cell that does not contain a nucleus
extravasation
extra vas(at) -ion beyond = vessel = process
process by which fluids and/or medications (IVs) escape from the blood vessel into surrounding tissue
globulin
globul -in
globe = chemical
plasma protein found in body fluids and cells
hematocrit (Hct, HCT)
hemat/o -crit
blood = to separate
blood test that separates solids from plasma in the blood by centrifuging the blood sample
hematologist
hemat/o log ist
blood = study of = one who specializes
literally means one who specializes in the study of the blood; physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of blood diseases
hematoma
hemat -Oma
blood = mass, fluid collection
collection of blood that has escaped from a blood vessel into the surrounding tissues
hemochromatosis
hem/o chromat -osis
blood = color = condition
genetic disease condition in which iron is not metabolized properly and accumulates in body tissues
hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb, HGB)
hem/o -globin
blood = globe, protein
blood protein; the iron-containing pigment of red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
hemolysis
hem/o lysis
blood = destruction
destruction of red blood cells
hemophilia
hem/o -philia
blood = attraction
hereditary blood disease characterized by prolonged coagulation and tendency to bleed
hemorrhage
hem/o -rrhage
blood = bursting forth
hemostasis
hem/o -stasis
blood = control, stop, stand still
control or stopping of bleeding
heparin
natural substance found in the liver, lungs, and other body tissues that inhibits blood clotting (anticoagulant)
hypoglycemia
hypo- glyc -emia
deficient = sweet, sugar = blood condition
condition of deficient amounts of sugar in the blood; low blood sugar
hypoxia
hyp- -oxia
deficient = oxygen
deficient amount of oxygen in the blood, cells, tissues; also known as anoxia and hypoxemia
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)
malignant neoplasm that causes violaceous (violet-colored) vascular lesions and general lymphadenopathy (diseased lymph nodes); it is the most common AIDS-related tumor
leukapheresis
leuk/a -pheresis
white = removal
separation of white blood cells from the blood, which are then transfused back into the patient
leukemia
leuk -emia
white = blood condition
disease of the blood characterized by overproduction of leukocytes
leukocyte
leuk/o -cyte
white = cell
white blood cell
lymph
clear, colorless, alkaline fluid found in the lymphatic vessels
lymphedema
lymph -edema
lymph = swelling
abnormal accumulation of lymph in the interstitial spaces
opportunistic infection
protozoal (PCP or toxoplasmosis), fungal/yeast (candidiasis), viral (herpes simplex), or bacterial (TB) infection that occurs when the immune system is compromised; AIDS patients are very vulnerable to these types of infections
phagocytosis
phag/o cyt -osis
eat, engulf = cell = condition
engulfing and eating of particulate substances such as the bacteria, protozoa, cells and cell debris, dust particles, and colloids by phagocytes (leukocytes or macrophages)
plasma
fluid part of the blood
plasmapheresis
plasma -pheresis
a thing formed, plasma = removal
removal of blood from the body and centrifuging it to separate the plasma from the blood and reinfusing the cellular elements back into the patient
polycythemia
poly- cyt hem -ia
many = cell = blood = condition
increased number of red blood cells
septicemia
septic -emia
putrefying = blood condition
pathological condition in which bacteria are present in the blood
seroculture
ser/o -culture
whey, serum = cultivation
bacterial culture of blood
serum
ser(a) -um
whey, serum = tissue
blood serum is the clear, thin, sticky fluid part of the blood that remains after blood clots
sideropenia
sider/o -penia
iron = lack of
lack of iron in the blood
stem cell
a bone marrow cell that gives rise to different types of blood cells
thrombin
thromb -in
clot = chemical
blood enzyme that converts fibrinogen into fibrin
thrombocyte
thromb/o -cyte
clot = cell
clotting cell; a blood platelet
transfusion
trans- fus -ion
across = to pour = process
process by which blood is transferred from one individual to the vein of another
vasculitis
vascul -itis
small vessel = inflammation
inflammation of a lymph or blood vessel
bleeding time
puncture of the earlobe or forearm to determine the time required for blood to stop flowing
complete blood count (CBC)
blood test that includes a hematocrit, hemoglobin, red and white blood cell count, and differential
Red Blood Count (RBC)
test performed on whole blood to determine the number of erythrocytes present; increased and/or increased amounts can indicate certain disease conditions
white blood count (WBC)
blood test to determine the number of leukocytes present
ABO
blood groups
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
baso
basophil
CBC
complete blood count
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
ELISA
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
HDN
hemolytic disease of the newborn
Ig
immunoglobulin
IV
intravenous
KS
Kaposi’s sarcoma
mL
milliliter
mono
monocyte
NK
natural killer (cells)
RBC
red blood count
TB
tuberculosis
WBC
white blood count
