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Medical Terminology > Module 4: Ch. 10 > Flashcards

Module 4: Ch. 10 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

agglutin/o

A

clumping

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1
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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2
Q

all/o

A

other

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3
Q

angi/o

A

vessel

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4
Q

anis/o

A

unequal

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5
Q

bas/o

A

base

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6
Q

calc/o

A

lime, calcium

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7
Q

chromat/o

A

color

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8
Q

coagul/o

A

clots; to clot

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9
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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10
Q

eosin/o

A

rose-colored

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11
Q

erythr/o

A

red

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12
Q

fibrin/o

A

fiber

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13
Q

fus/o

A

to pour

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14
Q

globul/o

A

globe

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15
Q

glyc/o

A

sweet, sugar

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16
Q

granul/o

A

little grain, granular

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17
Q

hemat/o

A

blood

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18
Q

hem/o

A

blood

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19
Q

immun/o

A

immunity

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20
Q

leuk/o

A

white

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21
Q

lipid/o

A

fat

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22
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph

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23
Q

macr/o

A

large

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24
Q

neutr/o

A

neither; neutral

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25
Q

plasm/o

A

plasma

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26
Q

reticul/o

A

net

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27
Q

septic/o

A

putrefying

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28
Q

ser/o

A

whey, serum

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29
Q

sider/o

A

iron

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30
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

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31
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

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32
Q

thym/o

A

thymus

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33
Q

tonsill/o

A

tonsil

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34
Q

vascul/o

A

small vessel

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35
Q

Primary Function of Blood

A

it is a specialized bodily fluids that delivers necessary substances to the body’s cells (oxygen, foods, salts, hormones) and transports waste products (carbon dioxide, urea, lactic acid) away from those same cells

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36
Q

Primary Function of Lymphatic System

A

1) . transport proteins and fluids, lost by capillary seepage, back to the bloodstream
2) . protect the body against pathogens by phagocytosis and immune response
3) . serve as a pathway for the absorption of fat from the small intestines into the bloodstream

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37
Q

Primary Function of the Spleen

A

major site of erythrocyte (red blood cell) destruction; serves as a reservoir for blood; acts as a filter, removing microorganisms from the blood

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38
Q

Primary Function of the Tonsils

A

filter bacteria and aid in the formation of white blood cells

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39
Q

Primary Function of the Thymus

A

plays essential role in the formation of antibodies and the development of the immune response in the newborn; manufactures infection – fighting T cells and helps distinguish normal T cells from those that attack the body’s own tissue

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40
Q

erythrocyte

A

a red blood cell that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

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41
Q

thrombocyte

A

a platelet that clots blood

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42
Q

leukocyte

A

a white blood cell; it provides body’s main defense against invasion of pathogens

  • ** types of leukocytes:
    a) neutrophil
    b) eosinophil
    c) basophil
    d) monocyte
    e) lymphocyte
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43
Q

neutrophil

A

protects against infection,especially by bacteria; is readily attracted to foreign antigens and destroys them by phagocytosis

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44
Q

eosinophil

A

destroys parasitic organisms; plays a key role in allergic reactions

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45
Q

basophil

A

plays a key role in releasing histamine and other chemicals that act on blood vessels; essential to nonspecific immune response to inflammation

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46
Q

monocyte

A

provides one of the first lines of defense in the inflammatory process, phagocytosis

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47
Q

lymphocyte

A

provides immune capacity to body

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48
Q

B lymphocyte

A

identifies foreign antigens and differentiates into antibody – producing plasma cells

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49
Q

T lymphocyte

A

plays essential role in the specific immune response of the body

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50
Q

coagulation

A

a complex process by which blood forms clots

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51
Q

ABO system

A

a classification system for human blood that identifies four major blood types (A, B, AB, and O; in which O designates blood that lacks both antigens) are important in determining the compatibility of blood for transfusion

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52
Q

Rh factor

A

an antigen occurring on the red cells of many blood cells

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53
Q

Four Major Plasma Proteins

A
  1. albumin
  2. globulin
  3. fibrinogen
  4. prothrombin
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54
Q

lymphatic system

A

a vessel system apart from, but connected to, the circulatory system; it returns fluids from tissue spaces to the bloodstream

55
Q

lymph

A

a clear, colorless, alkaline fluid that is about 95% water

56
Q

immune system

A

part of the defense mechanism of the body; it consists of the tissues, organs, and physiological processes used by the body to identify and protect against abnormal cells, foreign substances, and foreign tissue cells that may have been transplanted into the body

57
Q

immunity

A

the state of being immune to or protected from a disease, especially an infectious disease

58
Q

passive immunity

A

acquired through transfer of antibodies or activated T-cells from an immune host, and is short-lived, usually lasting only a few months

59
Q

active immunity

A

it is induced in the host itself by antigen, and lasts much longer, sometimes lifelong

60
Q

humoral immunity

A

the aspect of community that is mediated by secreted antibodies

61
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

provides protection involving T-lymphocytes alone

62
Q

immune response

A

the reaction of the body to foreign substances and the means by which it protects the body

63
Q

antibody-mediated immunity

A

a.k.a. humoral immunity, involves the production of plasma lymphocytes (B cells) in response to antigen exposure with subsequent formation

64
Q

antibodies

A

developed in response to a specific antigen; also referred to as an immunoglobulin

65
Q

cellular immunity

A

also known as cell – mediated immunity, it involves the production of lymphocytes (T cells) and NK (natural killer) cells that are capable of attacking foreign cells, normal cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells

66
Q

T cells

A

(thymus dependent); their function is to provide cellular immunity

67
Q

B cells

A

(bone marrow-derived); they provide humoral immunity

68
Q

NK cells

A

(natural killers); they attack foreign cells, normal cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells

69
Q

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

A

AIDS is a disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which is transmitted through sexual contact, exposure to infected blood or blood components, and perinatally from mother to infant

70
Q

agglutination

A

agglutinat -ion
clumping = process

process of clumping together, as of blood cells that are incompatible

71
Q

albumin

A

one of a group of simple proteins found in blood plasma and serum

72
Q

allergy

A

all -ergy
other = work

an individual hypersensitivity to a substance that is usually harmless

73
Q

anaphylaxis

A

ana- -phylaxis
up = protection

unusual or exaggerated allergic reaction to foreign proteins or other substances; it can occur suddenly, be life-threatening, and affect the whole body

74
Q

anemia

A

an- -emia
lack of = blood condition

literally a lack of red blood cells, it is a reduction in the number of circulating red blood cells, the amount of the hemoglobin, or the volume of packed red cells (hematocrit)

75
Q

anisocytosis

A

anis/o cyt -osis
unequal = cell = condition

condition in which the erythrocytes are unequal in size and shape

76
Q

anticoagulant

A

anti- coagul -ant
against = clots = forming

substance that works against the formation of blood clots; a class of medication used in certain patients to prevent blood from clotting

77
Q

autoimmune disease

A

condition in which the body’s immune system becomes defective and produces antibodies against itself

78
Q

coagulable

A

coagul -able
to clot = capable

capable of forming a clot

79
Q

corpuscle

A

blood cell

80
Q

embolus

A

blood clot carried in the bloodstream; a mass of undissolved matter present in a blood or lymphatic vessel and brought there by the blood or lymph current

81
Q

erythroblast

A

erythr/o -blast
red = immature cell

immature red blood cell that is found only in bone marrow and still contains a nucleus

82
Q

erythrocyte

A

erythr/o -cyte
red = cell

mature red blood cell that does not contain a nucleus

83
Q

extravasation

A 
extra       vas(at)        -ion
beyond = vessel = process

process by which fluids and/or medications (IVs) escape from the blood vessel into surrounding tissue

84
Q

globulin

A

globul -in
globe = chemical

plasma protein found in body fluids and cells

85
Q

hematocrit (Hct, HCT)

A

hemat/o -crit
blood = to separate

blood test that separates solids from plasma in the blood by centrifuging the blood sample

86
Q

hematologist

A

hemat/o log ist
blood = study of = one who specializes

literally means one who specializes in the study of the blood; physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of blood diseases

87
Q

hematoma

A

hemat -Oma
blood = mass, fluid collection

collection of blood that has escaped from a blood vessel into the surrounding tissues

88
Q

hemochromatosis

A

hem/o chromat -osis
blood = color = condition

genetic disease condition in which iron is not metabolized properly and accumulates in body tissues

89
Q

hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb, HGB)

A

hem/o -globin
blood = globe, protein

blood protein; the iron-containing pigment of red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

90
Q

hemolysis

A

hem/o lysis
blood = destruction

destruction of red blood cells

91
Q

hemophilia

A

hem/o -philia
blood = attraction

hereditary blood disease characterized by prolonged coagulation and tendency to bleed

92
Q

hemorrhage

A

hem/o -rrhage

blood = bursting forth

93
Q

hemostasis

A

hem/o -stasis
blood = control, stop, stand still

control or stopping of bleeding

94
Q

heparin

A

natural substance found in the liver, lungs, and other body tissues that inhibits blood clotting (anticoagulant)

95
Q

hypoglycemia

A

hypo- glyc -emia
deficient = sweet, sugar = blood condition

condition of deficient amounts of sugar in the blood; low blood sugar

96
Q

hypoxia

A

hyp- -oxia
deficient = oxygen

deficient amount of oxygen in the blood, cells, tissues; also known as anoxia and hypoxemia

97
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)

A

malignant neoplasm that causes violaceous (violet-colored) vascular lesions and general lymphadenopathy (diseased lymph nodes); it is the most common AIDS-related tumor

98
Q

leukapheresis

A

leuk/a -pheresis
white = removal

separation of white blood cells from the blood, which are then transfused back into the patient

99
Q

leukemia

A

leuk -emia
white = blood condition

disease of the blood characterized by overproduction of leukocytes

100
Q

leukocyte

A

leuk/o -cyte
white = cell

white blood cell

101
Q

lymph

A

clear, colorless, alkaline fluid found in the lymphatic vessels

102
Q

lymphedema

A

lymph -edema
lymph = swelling

abnormal accumulation of lymph in the interstitial spaces

103
Q

opportunistic infection

A

protozoal (PCP or toxoplasmosis), fungal/yeast (candidiasis), viral (herpes simplex), or bacterial (TB) infection that occurs when the immune system is compromised; AIDS patients are very vulnerable to these types of infections

104
Q

phagocytosis

A

phag/o cyt -osis
eat, engulf = cell = condition

engulfing and eating of particulate substances such as the bacteria, protozoa, cells and cell debris, dust particles, and colloids by phagocytes (leukocytes or macrophages)

105
Q

plasma

A

fluid part of the blood

106
Q

plasmapheresis

A

plasma -pheresis
a thing formed, plasma = removal

removal of blood from the body and centrifuging it to separate the plasma from the blood and reinfusing the cellular elements back into the patient

107
Q

polycythemia

A

poly- cyt hem -ia
many = cell = blood = condition

increased number of red blood cells

108
Q

septicemia

A

septic -emia
putrefying = blood condition

pathological condition in which bacteria are present in the blood

109
Q

seroculture

A

ser/o -culture
whey, serum = cultivation

bacterial culture of blood

110
Q

serum

A

ser(a) -um
whey, serum = tissue

blood serum is the clear, thin, sticky fluid part of the blood that remains after blood clots

111
Q

sideropenia

A

sider/o -penia
iron = lack of

lack of iron in the blood

112
Q

stem cell

A

a bone marrow cell that gives rise to different types of blood cells

113
Q

thrombin

A

thromb -in
clot = chemical

blood enzyme that converts fibrinogen into fibrin

114
Q

thrombocyte

A

thromb/o -cyte
clot = cell

clotting cell; a blood platelet

115
Q

transfusion

A

trans- fus -ion
across = to pour = process

process by which blood is transferred from one individual to the vein of another

116
Q

vasculitis

A

vascul -itis
small vessel = inflammation

inflammation of a lymph or blood vessel

117
Q

bleeding time

A

puncture of the earlobe or forearm to determine the time required for blood to stop flowing

118
Q

complete blood count (CBC)

A

blood test that includes a hematocrit, hemoglobin, red and white blood cell count, and differential

119
Q

Red Blood Count (RBC)

A

test performed on whole blood to determine the number of erythrocytes present; increased and/or increased amounts can indicate certain disease conditions

120
Q

white blood count (WBC)

A

blood test to determine the number of leukocytes present

121
Q

ABO

A

blood groups

122
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

123
Q

baso

A

basophil

124
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count

125
Q

CPR

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

126
Q

ELISA

A

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

127
Q

HDN

A

hemolytic disease of the newborn

128
Q

Ig

A

immunoglobulin

129
Q

IV

A

intravenous

130
Q

KS

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

131
Q

mL

A

milliliter

132
Q

mono

A

monocyte

133
Q

NK

A

natural killer (cells)

134
Q

RBC

A

red blood count

135
Q

TB

A

tuberculosis

136
Q

WBC

A

white blood count

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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