Module 3: Ch. 11 Flashcards
anthrac/o
coal
alveol/o
small, hollow air sac
aspirat/o
to draw in
atel/o
imperfect
bronch/i
bronchi
bronch/o
bronchi
bronchiol/o
bronchiole
cheil/o
lip
con/i
dust
cyan/o
dark blue
cyst/o
sac
diaphragmat/o
diaphragm, partition
fibr/o
fiber
halat/o
breathe
hem/o
blood
laryng/e
larynx, voice box
laryng/o
larynx, voice box
lob/o
lobe
mes/o
middle
nas/o
nose
olfact/o
smell
or/o
mouth
orth/o
straight
ox/o
oxygen
palat/o
palate
pector/o
breast, chest
pharyng/o
pharynx, throat
pleur/o
pleura
pneum/o
air
pneumon/o
lung
pulmon/o
lung
py/o
pus
respirat/o
breathing
rhin/o
nose
rhonch/o
snore
sarc/o
flesh
spir/o
breath
thel/i
nipple
thorac/o
chest
tonsill/o
tonsil, almond
trach/e
trachea
trache/o
trachea
tubercul/o
a little swelling
ventilat/o
to air
respiration (R)
involves the process of oxygen intake to tissue cells and taking away of their gaseous waste, or carbon dioxide
external respiration
the process by which the lungs are ventilated and oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the air in the lungs and the blood within capillaries of the alveoli
internal respiration
the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood in tissue capillaries and the cells of the body
nose
the projection in the center of the face; it consists of an external and internal portion
nostrils
refers to the external entrance of the nose
anterior nares
another term for nostrils; the external entrance of the nose
the 3 air passages of the nose
1) superior concha(e)
2) middle concha(e)
3) inferior concha(e)
cilia
hairlike processes that cover the mucous membrane of the nose
the 4 pairs of paranasal sinuses that drain into the nose
1) frontal sinus
2) maxillary sinus
3) ethmoid sinus
4) sphenoid sinus
cleft palate
a congenital defect that occurs when the palatine bones fail to unite during fetal development
pharynx
a musculomembranous tube about 5 inches long that extends from the base of the skull, lies anterior to the cervical vertebrae, and becomes continuous with the esophagus
tonsils
two small masses of lymphoid tissue in the throat, on either side of the root of the tongue
larynx
voice box; a structure made of muscle and cartilage and lined with mucous membrane
glottis
a narrow slit at the opening between the true vocal folds of the larynx cavity
thyroid cartilage
the largest cartilage in the larynx and forms the structure commonly called the Adam’s apple; it’s more prominent structure in men, contributes to the deeper male voice
epiglottis
it covers the entrance of the larynx; during swallowing, it acts as a lid to prevent aspiration of food into the trachea, which would cause irritation, coughing, or choking
cricoid cartilage
the lowermost cartilage of the larynx; it is shaped like a signet ring with the broad portion being posterior and the anterior portion forming the arch and resembling the ring’s band
tidal volume (TV)
amount of air in a single inspiration and expiration; in the average adult male, about 500 mL of air enters the respiratory tract during normal quiet breathing
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
amount of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal quiet respiration; this is also called the, supplemental air, and measures approximately 1000-1200 mL
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
amount of air that can be forcibly inspired over and above a normal inspiration and measures approximately 3600 mL
residual volume (RV)
amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration, about 1500 mL
vital capacity (VC)
volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration; this amount equals the sum of the tidal air, complemental air, and the supplemental air
functional residual capacity
volume of air that remains in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration
total lung capacity (TLC)
maximal volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inspiration
alveolus
alveoli -us
hollow air sac = pertaining to
pertaining to a small air sac in the lungs
anthracosis
anthrac -osis
coal = condition
lung condition caused by inhalation of coal dust and silica; also called black lung
apnea
a- -pnea
lack of = breathing
temporary cessation of breathing
asphyxia
a- sphyx -ia
lack of = pulse = condition
emergency condition in which there is a depletion of oxygen in the blood with an increase of carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues
aspiration
aspirat -ion
to draw in = process
the act of drawing in or out by suction using a device such as a syringe or needle
asthma
disease of the bronchi characterized by wheezing, dyspnea, and a feeling of constriction in the chest
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
rhythmic cycle of breathing with a gradual increase in respiration followed by apnea (which may last from 10 to 60 seconds), then a repeat of the same cycle
cough
sudden, forceful expulsion of air from the lungs; an essential protective response that clears irritants, secretions, or foreign objects from the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs
croup
acute respiratory disease (ARD) characterized by obstruction of the larynx, a barking cough, dyspnea, hoarseness, and stridor
cyanosis
cyan -osis
dark blue = condition
abnormal condition of the skin and mucous membrane caused by oxygen deficiency in the blood; the skin, fingernails, and mucous membranes can appear slightly bluish or grayish
cystic fibrosis (CF)
cyst -ic fibr -osis
sac = pertaining to = fiber = condition
inherited disease that affects the entire body, causing progressive disability and often early death
diaphragmatocele
diaphrag- mat/o -cele
diaphragm = partition = hernia, tumor
hernia of the diaphragm
dysphonia
dys- phon -ia
difficult = voice = condition
condition of difficulty in speaking; coarseness
dyspnea
dys -pnea
difficult = breathing
literally means difficulty in breathing
emphysema
chronic pulmonary disease in which the alveoli become distended and the alveolar walls become damaged or destroyed, making it difficult to exhale air from the lungs
empyema
pus in a body cavity, especially the pleural cavity
epistaxis
epi- -staxis
upon = dripping
nosebleed; usually results from traumatic or spontaneous rupture of blood vessels in the mucous membranes of the nose
eupnea
eu- -pnea
good, normal = breathing
good or normal breathing
exhalation
ex- halat -ion
out = breathe = process
process of breathing out
expectoration
ex- pector(at) -ion
out = breast, chest = process
process of coughing up and spitting out material (sputum) from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea
Heimlich maneuver
technique for forcing a foreign body (usually a bolus of food) out of the trachea
hemoptysis
hem/o -ptysis
blood = to spit
spitting up blood
hyperpnea
hyper- -pnea
excessive = breathing
excessive or rapid breathing
hyperventilation
hyper- ventilat -ion
excessive = to air = process
process of excessive ventilating, thereby increasing the air in the lungs beyond the normal limit
hypoxia
hyp- ox -ia
below, deficient = oxygen = condition
condition of deficient amounts of oxygen in the inspired air
influenza
acute, contagious respiratory infection caused by a virus
inhalation
in- halat -ion
in = breathe = process
process of breathing in
Legionnaire’s disease
severe pulmonary pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophilia
mesothelioma
mes/o thel/i -oma
middle = nipple = tumor
malignant tumor of mesothelium (serous membrane of the pleura) caused by the inhalation of asbestos
olfaction
olfact -ion
smell = process
process of smelling
orthopnea
orth/o -pnea
straight = breathing
inability to breathe unless in an upright or straight position
pertussis
acute, infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis; characterized by a peculiar paroxysmal cough ending in a “crowing” or “whooping” sound
pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura caused by injury, infection, or a tumor
pleuritis
pleur -itis
pleura = inflammation
inflammation of the pleura
pneumonia
pneumon -ia
lung, air = condition
inflammation of the lung caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or chemical irritants
polyp
tumor with a stem; can occur where there are mucous membranes, such as the nose, ears, mouth, uterus, and intestines
rale
abnormal sound heard on auscultation of the chest; a crackling, rattling, or bubbling sound
respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
condition that can occur in a premature infant in which the lungs are not matured to the point of manufacturing lecithin, a pulmonary surfactant, resulting in collapse of the alveoli, which leads to cyanosis and hypoxia
rhinorrhea
rhin/o -rrhea
nose = flow, discharge
discharge from the nose
rhinovirus
rhin/o vir -us
nose = virus = pertaining to
one of a subgroup of viruses that cause the common cold (coryza) in humans
rhoncus
rhonch -us
snore = pertaining to
rale or rattling sound in the throat or bronchial tubes caused by a partial obstruction
severe acute respiratory syndrome ( SARS)
contagious viral respiratory infection that was first described in February 2003; a serious form of pneumonia resulting in acute respiratory distress and sometimes death
spirometer
spir/o -meter
breath = instrument to measure
medical instrument used to measure lung volume during inspiration and expiration
sputum
substance called up from the lungs; can be watery, thick, purulent, clear, or bloody and can contain microorganisms
stridor
high-pitched sound caused by partial obstruction of the air passageway
tachypnea
tachy- -pnea
rapid = breathing
rapid breathing
tracheostomy
trache/o -stomy
trachea = new opening
new opening into the trachea (windpipe)
tuberculosis (TB)
tubercul -osis
a little swelling = condition
infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
wheeze
a high-pitched whistling sound caused by constriction of the air passageway associated with an asthma attack
decongestants
these agents are used for the temporary relief of nasal congestion associated with the common cold, hay fever, other upper respiratory allergies, and sinusitis; examples are Sudafed, Coricidin, Sinutab Long-Lasting Sinus Spray, and Afrin
antitussives
- non-narcotic agents- anesthetizes the stretch receptors located in the respiratory passages, lungs, and pleura by dampening their activity, reducing the cough reflex at its source
* narcotic agents- depress the cough center located in the medulla, thereby raising its threshold for incoming cough impulse
expectorants
promote and facilitate the removal of mucus from the lower respiratory tract; examples include Robitussin and Mucinex DM
ABGs
arterial blood gases
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
ARDS
adult respiratory distress syndrome
CF
cystic fibrosis
COLD
chronic obstructive lung disease
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
ENT
ear, nose, throat; otorhinolaryngology
ET
endotracheal
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
IRDS
infant respiratory distress syndrome
RD
respiratory disease
SARS
severe acute respiratory syndrome
SIDS
sudden infant death syndrome
SOB
shortness of breath
TLC
total lung capacity
URI
upper respiratory infection
