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Medical Terminology > Module 6: Ch. 17 > Flashcards

Module 6: Ch. 17 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

cervic/o

A

cervix, neck

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1
Q

abort/o

A

to miscarry

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2
Q

coit/o

A

a coming together

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3
Q

colp/o

A

vagina

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4
Q

culd/o

A

cul-de-sac

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5
Q

cyst/o

A

bladder

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6
Q

fibr/o

A

fibrous tissue

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7
Q

gynec/o

A

female

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8
Q

hyster/o

A

womb, uterus

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9
Q

mamm/o

A

breast

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10
Q

mast/o

A

breast

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11
Q

men/o

A

month, menses, menstruation

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12
Q

metr/i

A

womb, uterus

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13
Q

metr/o

A

womb, uterus

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14
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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15
Q

o/o

A

ovum, egg

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16
Q

oophor/o

A

ovary

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17
Q

pareun/o

A

lying beside, sexual intercourse

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18
Q

rect/o

A

rectum

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19
Q

salping/o

A

fallopian tube

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20
Q

uter/o

A

uterus

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21
Q

vagin/o

A

vagina

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22
Q

venere/o

A

sexual intercourse

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23
Q

vers/o

A

turning

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24
Q

uterus

A

provides a place for the nourishment and development of the fetus during pregnancy; contracts rhythmically and powerfully to help push out the fetus during the process of birthing

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25
Q

fallopian tubes

A

serve as ducts to convey the ovum from the ovary to the uterus and to convey spermatozoa from the uterus toward each ovary

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26
Q

ovaries

A

produce ova and hormones

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27
Q

vagina

A

female organ of copulation (sexual intercourse), serves as a passageway for the discharge of menstruation and a passageway for the birth of a fetus

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28
Q

vulva

A

external female genitalia

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29
Q

mons pubis

A

provides pad of fatty tissue

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30
Q

labia majora

A

provides two folds of adipose tissue

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31
Q

labia minora

A

lying within the labia majora, encloses the vestibule

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32
Q

vestibule

A

serves as the entrance to the urethra, the vagina, and two excretory ducts of Bartholin’s glands

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33
Q

clitoris

A

erectile tissue that is homologous to the penis of the male; produces pleasurable sensations during the sexual act

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34
Q

breasts

A

following childbirth, mammary glands produce milk

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35
Q

fertilization

A

the process in which a sperm penetrates an ovum and unites with it; the 23 chromosomes from the male combine with the 23 chromosomes of the female to make a new life; generally occurs 24 hrs following ovulation and usually takes place in the Fallopian tube

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36
Q

zygote

A

resulting cell of a single sperm penetrating the ovum

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37
Q

conception

A

the event in which the gender and other biological traits of the new individual are determined

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38
Q

morula

A

a solid ball of cells resulting from the division of a fertilized ovum; and from which a blastula is formed

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39
Q

embryo

A

an unborn, developing baby during the first 8 weeks after conception

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40
Q

blastocyst

A

hollow ball of cells that consists of an outer layer of cells and an inner layer cell mass

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41
Q

yolk sac

A

in humans, the site of formation of the first red blood cells and the cells that will become ovum and sperm

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42
Q

amniotic cavity

A

the fluid-filled cavity that surrounds the developing embryo

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43
Q

vagina

A

a musculomembranous tube extending from the vestibule to the uterus; it is 10-15cm in length and situated between the bladder and the rectum; lined by mucous membrane made up of squamous epithelium

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44
Q

hymen

A

a fold of mucous membrane that partially covers the external opening of the vagina

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45
Q

vulva

A

consists of five organs that comprise the external female genitalia

 1. mons pubis 
 2. labia majora 
 3. labia minora 
 4. vestibule 
 5. clitoris
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46
Q

mons pubis

A

a pad of fatty tissue of triangular shape and, after puberty, covered with pubic hair

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47
Q

labia majora

A

the two folds of adipose tissu, which are large liplike structures, lying on either side of the vaginal opening

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48
Q

labia minora

A

two thin folds of skin that lie within the labia majora and enclose the vestibule

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49
Q

vestibule

A

the cleft between the labia minor; it is approximately 4-5cm long and 2cm wide; four major structures open into it: the urethra, the vagina, and two excretory ducts of the Bartholin’s glands

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50
Q

clitoris

A

a small organ consisting of sensitive erectile tissue that is homologous to the penis of the male; it so located between the anterior labial commissure and partially hidden by the anterior portion of the labia minora

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51
Q

breasts

A

mammary glands that are compound alveolar structures consisting of 15-20 glandular tissue lobes separated by septa of connective tissue

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52
Q

areola

A

the dark, pigmented area found in skin over each breast, and the nipple is the elevated area in the center of the areola

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53
Q

lactation

A

the process of milk secretion

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54
Q

prolactin

A

produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary, it stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk after childbirth

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55
Q

colostrum

A

a thin,yellowish secretion, that is the first milk and contains mainly serum and white blood cells

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56
Q

oxytocin

A

a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that causes increased contraction of the uterus during labor and stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the breasts

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57
Q

menstrual cycle

A

aka menarche, occurs at the age of puberty and ceases at menopause; occurs during a woman’s reproductive years, except during pregnancy

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58
Q

puberty

A

the period at which adolescents reach sexual maturity and become able to reproduce

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59
Q

menopause

A

cessation of the monthly flow; also called climacteric

60
Q

pregnancy

A

period of reproduction in which a female is developing an individual within her womb

61
Q

menstruation

A

marks the first day of the follicular phase, characterized by the discharge of a bloody fluid from the uterus accompanied by a shedding of the endometrium

62
Q

ovulatory phase

A

characterized by the stimulation of estrogen, the thickening and vascularization of the endometrium, along with the maturing of the ovarian follicle

63
Q

luteal phase

A

follows ovulation; lasts 14 day, unless fertilization occurs, and ends just before a menstrual period; during this phase, the corpus luteum in the ovary is developing and secreting progesterone

64
Q

premenstrual

A

during this time period, the coiled uterine arteries become constricted, the endometrium becomes anemic and begins to shrink, and the corpus luteum decreases in functional activity

65
Q

gestation period

A

referred to as the length of pregnancy, it’s divided into three segments of 3 months, each called from trimesters

66
Q

preembryonic stage

A

a stage of human development; the first 14 days of development after the ovum is fertilized

67
Q

embryonic stage

A

a stage of hypo man development; begins in the third week after fertilization

68
Q

fetal stage

A

a stage of human development; begins in the 9th week

69
Q

fetus

A

an unborn human baby, after 8 weeks from conception

70
Q

prenatal stage

A

1st stage of pregnancy; it is the time period between conception and onset of labor; refers to both the care of the woman during pregnancy and the growth and development of the fetus

71
Q

labor

A

2nd stage of pregnancy; it is the time period during which forceful contractions move the fetus down the birth canal and expel it from the uterus during childbirth

72
Q

parturition

A

3rd stage of pregnancy; it is the time period of actively giving birth; also known as childbirth or delivery

73
Q

post-partum period (puerperium)

A

the 4th stage of pregnancy; the six-week time period following childbirth and expulsion of the placenta; the female reproductive organs usually return to an essentially prepregnant condition in which involution of the uterus occurs

74
Q

Braxton Hicks contractions

A

irregular contractions that begin in the second trimester and intensify as full term approaches

75
Q

increased vaginal discharge

A

normally clear and no irritating discharge caused by fetal pressure

76
Q

lightening

A

the descent of the baby into the pelvis; may occur 2-3 weeks before the first stage of labor begins

77
Q

bloody show

A

thick mucus mixed with pink or dark-brown blood; as the cervix soften, effaced, and dilates, the mucous plug that has sealed the uterus during pregnancy is dislodged from the cervix and small capillaries are torn, producing the bloody show

78
Q

rupture of the membranes

A

occurs when the amniotic sac (bag of waters) ruptures

79
Q

AROM

A

artificial rupture of the membranes; occurs when the attending physician or midwife intentionally break the amniotic sac

80
Q

energy spurt (nesting)

A

occurs in many women shortly before the onset of labor, they may suddenly have the energy to clean their houses and do things that they have not had the energy to do previously

81
Q

weight loss

A

loss of 1-3 lbs shortly before labor can occur as hormone changes caused by excretion of extra body water

82
Q

dilation

A

1st stage of labor; begins with the onset of true labor and lasts until the cervix is fully dilated to 10cm

83
Q

expulsion

A

2nd stage of labor; continues after the cervix is dilated to 10cm until the delivery of the baby

84
Q

placental

A

3rd stage of labor; delivery of the placenta

85
Q

episiotomy

A

a surgical procedure performed to prevent tearing of the perineum and to facilitate delivery of the fetus, may be performed

86
Q

placenta

A

a highly vascular organ that anchors the developing fetus to the uterus and provides the means by which the fetus receives its nourishment and oxygen

87
Q

umbilical cord

A

a flexible cordlike structure attaching a mother to her fetus to the placenta during gestation

88
Q

afterbirth

A

when the placenta is expelled following parturition

89
Q

Schultze mechanism

A

when the placenta is expelled with the fetal surface presenting

90
Q

Duncan mechanism

A

when the placenta is expelled presenting the maternal surface

91
Q

Apgar Score

A 
first assessment of a newborn baby immediately following its birth; mnemonics that stand for: 
     (A)ppearance - color 
     (P)ulse - heartbeat 
     (G)rimace - reflex 
     (A)ctivity - muscle tone 
     (R)espiration - breathing
92
Q

abortion (AB)

A

process of miscarrying (either spontaneous or induced); termination of the pregnancy before the fetus is viable; treatment during or after miscarriage includes measures to prevent hemorrhage and infection

93
Q

amenorrhea

A

lack of the monthly flow (menses or menstruation)

94
Q

cesarean section (CS, C-section)

A

delivery of the fetus by means of an incision through the abdominal cavity and then into the uterus

95
Q

contraception

A

contra- cept -ion
against = receive = process

process of preventing conception

96
Q

cystocele

A

cyst/o -cele
bladder = hernia

hernia of the bladder that protrudes into the vagina

97
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

difficult or painful monthly flow

98
Q

dyspareunia

A

dys- pareun -ia
difficult = sexual intercourse = condition

difficult or painful sexual intercourse (copulation)

99
Q

eclampsia

A

complication of severe preeclampsia that involves seizures

100
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

a pregnancy that occurs when the fertilized egg is implanted in one of various sites, the most common being a Fallopian tube; also referred to as a tubal pregnancy

101
Q

endometriosis

A

pathological condition in which endometrial tissue has been displaced to various sites in the abdominal or pelvic cavity; because it is outside the uterus and cannot be cast off each month, the tissue causes bleeding, with the formation of scars and adhesions

102
Q

genitalia

A

male or female reproductive organs

103
Q

gravida

A

refers to any pregnancy, regardless of duration, including the present one; when used in the recording of an obstetrical history, indicates the number of pregnancies

104
Q

gynecologist

A

physician who specializes in the study of the female, especially the diseases of the female reproductive organs and the breasts

105
Q

gynecology (GYN)

A

study of the female, especially the diseases of the female reproductive organs and the breasts

106
Q

hysterectomy

A

surgical excision of the uterus

107
Q

hysteroscope

A

instrument used in the biopsy of uterine tissue before 12 weeks of gestation; this tissue is then analyzed for chromosome arrangement, DNA sequence, and genetic defects

108
Q

hysterotomy

A

incision into the uterus, commonly combined with a laparotomy (surgical incision into the abdomen) during a cesarean section

109
Q

intrauterine

A

pertaining to within the uterus

110
Q

linea nigra

A

dark line on the abdomen that runs from above the umbilicus to the pubis during pregnancy

111
Q

lochia

A

vaginal discharge occurring after childbirth; at first it is blood-tinged (rubra), then after 3 or 4 days it becomes pink or brown-tinged (serosa), after that it becomes yellow and then turns to white (alba); typically lasts 2 - 4 weeks

112
Q

lumpectomy

A

surgical removal of a tumor from the breast

113
Q

mammoplasty

A

surgical repair of the breast

114
Q

mastectomy

A

surgical excision of the breast

115
Q

menarche

A

beginning of the monthly flow (menses, menstruation)

116
Q

menorrhagia

A

excessive uterine bleeding at the time of a menstrual period, either in number of days or amount of blood or both

117
Q

menorrhea

A

normal monthly flow (menses, menstruation)

118
Q

mittelschmerz

A

abdominal pain that occurs midway between the menstrual periods at ovulation

119
Q

myometritis

A

inflammation of the muscular wall of the uterus

120
Q

oligomenorrhea

A

scanty monthly flow (menses, menstruation)

121
Q

oogenesis

A

formation of the ovum

122
Q

oophorectomy

A

surgical excision of an ovary

123
Q

ovulation

A

process in which an ovum is discharged from the cortex of the ovary; periodic ripening and rupture of a mature graafian follicle and the discharge of an ovum from the cortex of the ovary

124
Q

para

A

means to bear or bring forth; refers to a woman who has given birth after 20 weeks gestation, regardless of whether the infant is born alive or dead; when used in the recording of an obstetrical history, PARA is used to indicate the number of births

125
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

infection of the upper genital area; can affect the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes

126
Q

placenta previa

A

in this condition, the placenta is improperly implanted in the lower uterine segment; the fetus receives less oxygen and the expectant mother has increased risk of hemorrhage and infection

127
Q

postcoital

A

pertaining to after sexual intercourse

128
Q

preeclampsia

A

serious complication pregnancy characterized by increasing hypertension, proteinuria, and edema, also known as toxemia or pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH)

129
Q

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A

condition that affects certain women and can cause distressful symptoms that begin 2 weeks before the onset of menstruation

130
Q

salpingectomy

A

surgical excision of a fallopian tube

131
Q

salpingitis

A

inflammation of a fallopian tube

132
Q

toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

A

a serious bacterial infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria; symptoms of TSS start suddenly with vomiting, high fever, a rapid drop in blood pressure, watery diarrhea, headache, sore throat, and muscle aches

133
Q

vaginitis

A

inflammation of the vagina

134
Q

venereal

A

pertaining to or resulting from sexual intercourse

135
Q

AH

A

abdominal hysterectomy

136
Q

Ascus

A

atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance

137
Q

D&C

A

dilation and curettage

138
Q

DUB

A

dysfunctional uterine bleeding

139
Q

IUD

A

intrauterine device

140
Q

HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus

141
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

142
Q

OC

A

oral contraceptive

143
Q

OTC

A

over-the-counter

144
Q

PID

A

pelvic inflammatory disease

145
Q

PMS

A

premenstrual syndrome

146
Q

STDs

A

sexually transmitted diseases

147
Q

TSS

A

toxic shock syndrome

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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