Module 6: Ch. 17 Flashcards
cervic/o
cervix, neck
abort/o
to miscarry
coit/o
a coming together
colp/o
vagina
culd/o
cul-de-sac
cyst/o
bladder
fibr/o
fibrous tissue
gynec/o
female
hyster/o
womb, uterus
mamm/o
breast
mast/o
breast
men/o
month, menses, menstruation
metr/i
womb, uterus
metr/o
womb, uterus
my/o
muscle
o/o
ovum, egg
oophor/o
ovary
pareun/o
lying beside, sexual intercourse
rect/o
rectum
salping/o
fallopian tube
uter/o
uterus
vagin/o
vagina
venere/o
sexual intercourse
vers/o
turning
uterus
provides a place for the nourishment and development of the fetus during pregnancy; contracts rhythmically and powerfully to help push out the fetus during the process of birthing
fallopian tubes
serve as ducts to convey the ovum from the ovary to the uterus and to convey spermatozoa from the uterus toward each ovary
ovaries
produce ova and hormones
vagina
female organ of copulation (sexual intercourse), serves as a passageway for the discharge of menstruation and a passageway for the birth of a fetus
vulva
external female genitalia
mons pubis
provides pad of fatty tissue
labia majora
provides two folds of adipose tissue
labia minora
lying within the labia majora, encloses the vestibule
vestibule
serves as the entrance to the urethra, the vagina, and two excretory ducts of Bartholin’s glands
clitoris
erectile tissue that is homologous to the penis of the male; produces pleasurable sensations during the sexual act
breasts
following childbirth, mammary glands produce milk
fertilization
the process in which a sperm penetrates an ovum and unites with it; the 23 chromosomes from the male combine with the 23 chromosomes of the female to make a new life; generally occurs 24 hrs following ovulation and usually takes place in the Fallopian tube
zygote
resulting cell of a single sperm penetrating the ovum
conception
the event in which the gender and other biological traits of the new individual are determined
morula
a solid ball of cells resulting from the division of a fertilized ovum; and from which a blastula is formed
embryo
an unborn, developing baby during the first 8 weeks after conception
blastocyst
hollow ball of cells that consists of an outer layer of cells and an inner layer cell mass
yolk sac
in humans, the site of formation of the first red blood cells and the cells that will become ovum and sperm
amniotic cavity
the fluid-filled cavity that surrounds the developing embryo
vagina
a musculomembranous tube extending from the vestibule to the uterus; it is 10-15cm in length and situated between the bladder and the rectum; lined by mucous membrane made up of squamous epithelium
hymen
a fold of mucous membrane that partially covers the external opening of the vagina
vulva
consists of five organs that comprise the external female genitalia
1. mons pubis 2. labia majora 3. labia minora 4. vestibule 5. clitoris
mons pubis
a pad of fatty tissue of triangular shape and, after puberty, covered with pubic hair
labia majora
the two folds of adipose tissu, which are large liplike structures, lying on either side of the vaginal opening
labia minora
two thin folds of skin that lie within the labia majora and enclose the vestibule
vestibule
the cleft between the labia minor; it is approximately 4-5cm long and 2cm wide; four major structures open into it: the urethra, the vagina, and two excretory ducts of the Bartholin’s glands
clitoris
a small organ consisting of sensitive erectile tissue that is homologous to the penis of the male; it so located between the anterior labial commissure and partially hidden by the anterior portion of the labia minora
breasts
mammary glands that are compound alveolar structures consisting of 15-20 glandular tissue lobes separated by septa of connective tissue
areola
the dark, pigmented area found in skin over each breast, and the nipple is the elevated area in the center of the areola
lactation
the process of milk secretion
prolactin
produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary, it stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk after childbirth
colostrum
a thin,yellowish secretion, that is the first milk and contains mainly serum and white blood cells
oxytocin
a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that causes increased contraction of the uterus during labor and stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the breasts
menstrual cycle
aka menarche, occurs at the age of puberty and ceases at menopause; occurs during a woman’s reproductive years, except during pregnancy
puberty
the period at which adolescents reach sexual maturity and become able to reproduce
menopause
cessation of the monthly flow; also called climacteric
pregnancy
period of reproduction in which a female is developing an individual within her womb
menstruation
marks the first day of the follicular phase, characterized by the discharge of a bloody fluid from the uterus accompanied by a shedding of the endometrium
ovulatory phase
characterized by the stimulation of estrogen, the thickening and vascularization of the endometrium, along with the maturing of the ovarian follicle
luteal phase
follows ovulation; lasts 14 day, unless fertilization occurs, and ends just before a menstrual period; during this phase, the corpus luteum in the ovary is developing and secreting progesterone
premenstrual
during this time period, the coiled uterine arteries become constricted, the endometrium becomes anemic and begins to shrink, and the corpus luteum decreases in functional activity
gestation period
referred to as the length of pregnancy, it’s divided into three segments of 3 months, each called from trimesters
preembryonic stage
a stage of human development; the first 14 days of development after the ovum is fertilized
embryonic stage
a stage of hypo man development; begins in the third week after fertilization
fetal stage
a stage of human development; begins in the 9th week
fetus
an unborn human baby, after 8 weeks from conception
prenatal stage
1st stage of pregnancy; it is the time period between conception and onset of labor; refers to both the care of the woman during pregnancy and the growth and development of the fetus
labor
2nd stage of pregnancy; it is the time period during which forceful contractions move the fetus down the birth canal and expel it from the uterus during childbirth
parturition
3rd stage of pregnancy; it is the time period of actively giving birth; also known as childbirth or delivery
post-partum period (puerperium)
the 4th stage of pregnancy; the six-week time period following childbirth and expulsion of the placenta; the female reproductive organs usually return to an essentially prepregnant condition in which involution of the uterus occurs
Braxton Hicks contractions
irregular contractions that begin in the second trimester and intensify as full term approaches
increased vaginal discharge
normally clear and no irritating discharge caused by fetal pressure
lightening
the descent of the baby into the pelvis; may occur 2-3 weeks before the first stage of labor begins
bloody show
thick mucus mixed with pink or dark-brown blood; as the cervix soften, effaced, and dilates, the mucous plug that has sealed the uterus during pregnancy is dislodged from the cervix and small capillaries are torn, producing the bloody show
rupture of the membranes
occurs when the amniotic sac (bag of waters) ruptures
AROM
artificial rupture of the membranes; occurs when the attending physician or midwife intentionally break the amniotic sac
energy spurt (nesting)
occurs in many women shortly before the onset of labor, they may suddenly have the energy to clean their houses and do things that they have not had the energy to do previously
weight loss
loss of 1-3 lbs shortly before labor can occur as hormone changes caused by excretion of extra body water
dilation
1st stage of labor; begins with the onset of true labor and lasts until the cervix is fully dilated to 10cm
expulsion
2nd stage of labor; continues after the cervix is dilated to 10cm until the delivery of the baby
placental
3rd stage of labor; delivery of the placenta
episiotomy
a surgical procedure performed to prevent tearing of the perineum and to facilitate delivery of the fetus, may be performed
placenta
a highly vascular organ that anchors the developing fetus to the uterus and provides the means by which the fetus receives its nourishment and oxygen
umbilical cord
a flexible cordlike structure attaching a mother to her fetus to the placenta during gestation
afterbirth
when the placenta is expelled following parturition
Schultze mechanism
when the placenta is expelled with the fetal surface presenting
Duncan mechanism
when the placenta is expelled presenting the maternal surface
Apgar Score
first assessment of a newborn baby immediately following its birth; mnemonics that stand for:
(A)ppearance - color
(P)ulse - heartbeat
(G)rimace - reflex
(A)ctivity - muscle tone
(R)espiration - breathingabortion (AB)
process of miscarrying (either spontaneous or induced); termination of the pregnancy before the fetus is viable; treatment during or after miscarriage includes measures to prevent hemorrhage and infection
amenorrhea
lack of the monthly flow (menses or menstruation)
cesarean section (CS, C-section)
delivery of the fetus by means of an incision through the abdominal cavity and then into the uterus
contraception
contra- cept -ion
against = receive = process
process of preventing conception
cystocele
cyst/o -cele
bladder = hernia
hernia of the bladder that protrudes into the vagina
dysmenorrhea
difficult or painful monthly flow
dyspareunia
dys- pareun -ia
difficult = sexual intercourse = condition
difficult or painful sexual intercourse (copulation)
eclampsia
complication of severe preeclampsia that involves seizures
ectopic pregnancy
a pregnancy that occurs when the fertilized egg is implanted in one of various sites, the most common being a Fallopian tube; also referred to as a tubal pregnancy
endometriosis
pathological condition in which endometrial tissue has been displaced to various sites in the abdominal or pelvic cavity; because it is outside the uterus and cannot be cast off each month, the tissue causes bleeding, with the formation of scars and adhesions
genitalia
male or female reproductive organs
gravida
refers to any pregnancy, regardless of duration, including the present one; when used in the recording of an obstetrical history, indicates the number of pregnancies
gynecologist
physician who specializes in the study of the female, especially the diseases of the female reproductive organs and the breasts
gynecology (GYN)
study of the female, especially the diseases of the female reproductive organs and the breasts
hysterectomy
surgical excision of the uterus
hysteroscope
instrument used in the biopsy of uterine tissue before 12 weeks of gestation; this tissue is then analyzed for chromosome arrangement, DNA sequence, and genetic defects
hysterotomy
incision into the uterus, commonly combined with a laparotomy (surgical incision into the abdomen) during a cesarean section
intrauterine
pertaining to within the uterus
linea nigra
dark line on the abdomen that runs from above the umbilicus to the pubis during pregnancy
lochia
vaginal discharge occurring after childbirth; at first it is blood-tinged (rubra), then after 3 or 4 days it becomes pink or brown-tinged (serosa), after that it becomes yellow and then turns to white (alba); typically lasts 2 - 4 weeks
lumpectomy
surgical removal of a tumor from the breast
mammoplasty
surgical repair of the breast
mastectomy
surgical excision of the breast
menarche
beginning of the monthly flow (menses, menstruation)
menorrhagia
excessive uterine bleeding at the time of a menstrual period, either in number of days or amount of blood or both
menorrhea
normal monthly flow (menses, menstruation)
mittelschmerz
abdominal pain that occurs midway between the menstrual periods at ovulation
myometritis
inflammation of the muscular wall of the uterus
oligomenorrhea
scanty monthly flow (menses, menstruation)
oogenesis
formation of the ovum
oophorectomy
surgical excision of an ovary
ovulation
process in which an ovum is discharged from the cortex of the ovary; periodic ripening and rupture of a mature graafian follicle and the discharge of an ovum from the cortex of the ovary
para
means to bear or bring forth; refers to a woman who has given birth after 20 weeks gestation, regardless of whether the infant is born alive or dead; when used in the recording of an obstetrical history, PARA is used to indicate the number of births
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
infection of the upper genital area; can affect the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes
placenta previa
in this condition, the placenta is improperly implanted in the lower uterine segment; the fetus receives less oxygen and the expectant mother has increased risk of hemorrhage and infection
postcoital
pertaining to after sexual intercourse
preeclampsia
serious complication pregnancy characterized by increasing hypertension, proteinuria, and edema, also known as toxemia or pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH)
premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
condition that affects certain women and can cause distressful symptoms that begin 2 weeks before the onset of menstruation
salpingectomy
surgical excision of a fallopian tube
salpingitis
inflammation of a fallopian tube
toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
a serious bacterial infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria; symptoms of TSS start suddenly with vomiting, high fever, a rapid drop in blood pressure, watery diarrhea, headache, sore throat, and muscle aches
vaginitis
inflammation of the vagina
venereal
pertaining to or resulting from sexual intercourse
AH
abdominal hysterectomy
Ascus
atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance
D&C
dilation and curettage
DUB
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
IUD
intrauterine device
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
LH
luteinizing hormone
OC
oral contraceptive
OTC
over-the-counter
PID
pelvic inflammatory disease
PMS
premenstrual syndrome
STDs
sexually transmitted diseases
TSS
toxic shock syndrome
