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Medical Terminology > Module 5: Ch. 14 > Flashcards

Module 5: Ch. 14 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
0
Q

cerebell/o

A

little brain

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1
Q

cephal/o

A

head

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2
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

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3
Q

chrom/o

A

color

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4
Q

cran/i

A

skull

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5
Q

crani/o

A

skull

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6
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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7
Q

dendr/o

A

tree

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8
Q

disk/o

A

a disk

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9
Q

dur/o

A

dura, hard

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10
Q

electr/o

A

electricity

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11
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

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12
Q

esthesi/o

A

feeling

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13
Q

fibr/o

A

fiber

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14
Q

gli/o

A

glue

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15
Q

hypn/o

A

sleep

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16
Q

lamin/o

A

thin plate

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17
Q

later/o

A

side

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18
Q

lob/o

A

lobe

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19
Q

mening/i

A

membrane, meninges

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20
Q

mening/o

A

membrane, meninges

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21
Q

ment/o

A

mind

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22
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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23
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow, spinal cord

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24
Q

narc/o

A

numbness, sleep, stupor

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25
Q

neur/i

A

nerve

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26
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

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27
Q

pallid/o

A

globus pallidus

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28
Q

papill/o

A

papilla

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29
Q

phe/o

A

dusky

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30
Q

poli/o

A

gray

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31
Q

somn/o

A

sleep

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32
Q

spin/o

A

a thorn, spine

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33
Q

spondyl/o

A

vertebra

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34
Q

vag/o

A

vagus, wandering

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35
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle

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36
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

includes the brain and spinal cord; it’s primary function is to receive impulses from throughout the body, process the information, and respond with an appropriate action

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37
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

consists of the network of nerves and neural tissues branching throughout the body from 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves; it’s primary function is to link the central nervous system with other parts of the body

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38
Q

neurons (nerve cells)

A

structural and functional units of the nervous system that act as specialized conductors of impulses which enable the body to interact with its internal and external environments

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39
Q

neuroglia

A

act as supporting tissue

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40
Q

nerve fibers and tracts

A

conduct impulses from one location to another

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41
Q

brain

A

governs sensory perception, emotions, consciousness, memory, and voluntary movements

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42
Q

spinal cord

A

conducts sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses from the brain to body parts; also serves as a reflex center for impulses entering and leaving the spinal cord without involvement of the brain

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43
Q

cranial nerves (12 pairs)

A

provide sensory input and motor control, or a combination of these

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44
Q

spinal nerves (31 pairs)

A

carry impulses to the spinal cord and to muscles, organs, and glands

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45
Q

autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions)

A

controls involuntary bodily functions such as sweating, secretion of glands, arterial blood pressure, smooth muscle tissue, and the heart; also stimulates the adrenal gland to release epinephrine (adrenaline)

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46
Q

motor neurons

A

cause contractions in muscles and secretions from glands and organs; they also act to inhibit the actions of glands and organs, thereby controlling most of the body’s functions

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47
Q

axon

A

the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells

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48
Q

dendrites

A

a short-branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body

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49
Q

myelin sheath

A

acts as an insulator and increases the transmission velocity of the nerve fiber it surrounds

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50
Q

sensory neurons

A

they differ in structure from motor neurons because they do not have true dendrites; the processes transmitting sensory information to the cell bodies of these neurons are called peripheral processes; they are attached to sensory receptors and transmit impulses to the central nervous system

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51
Q

afferent nerves

A

refers to sensory neurons, because they carry impulses from the sensory receptors to the synaptic endings in the central nervous system

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52
Q

interneurons

A

called central or associative neurons; they are located entirely within the central nervous system; they function to mediate impulses between sensory and motor neurons

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53
Q

nerve fiber

A

a single elongated process, the axon of a neuron

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54
Q

myelinated sheath

A

they are fibers that have an inner sheath of myelin, a thick, fatty substance, and an outer sheath or neurilemma composed of Schwann cells

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55
Q

unmyelinated sheath

A

they are fibers that lack myelin and are sheathed only by the neurilemma

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56
Q

nerve

A

a collection of nerve fibers, outside the central nervous system; nerves are usually described as being sensory or afferent (conducting to the CNS) parentheses or motor or efferent (conducting away from the CNS to muscles, organs, and glands)

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57
Q

afferent nerve

A

also known as a sensory neuron; they conduct to the CNS

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58
Q

efferent nerve

A

also known as a motor neuron; it conducts away from the CNS to muscles, organs, and glands

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59
Q

tracts (nerve tracts)

A

refers to the groups of nerve fibers within the central nervous system when they have the same origin, function, and termination

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60
Q

corpus callosum

A

the largest tract of the brain that joins the left and right hemispheres

61
Q

cerebrum

A

it represents 7/8 of the brain’s total weight; it’s divided by the longitudinal fissure into two cerebral hemispheres, the right and left, that is joined by the corpus callosum that allow information to pass from one hemisphere to the other

62
Q

cerebellum

A

the second largest part of the brain, it occupies a space in the back of the skull, inferior to the cerebrum and dorsal to the pons and medulla oblongata

63
Q

diencephalon

A

means “second portion of the brain” and refers to be thalamus and hypothalamus

64
Q

thalamus

A

it is the larger of the two divisions of the diencephalon and is actually two large masses of gray cell bodies joined by a third or intermediate mass; it serves as a relay center for all sensory impulses (except olfactory)

65
Q

hypothalamus

A

it lies beneath the thalamus and is a principal regulator of autonomic nervous activity that is associated with behavior and emotional expression; it also produces neurosecretions for the control of water balance, sugar and fat metabolism, regulation of body temperature, and other metabolic activities

66
Q

brainstem

A

the lower part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord; it provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the cranial nerves

67
Q

midbrain

A

it is located below the cerebrum and above the pons; it has four small masses of gray cells

68
Q

pons

A

it is a broad band of white matter located anterior to the cerebellum and between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata; it is composed of fiber tracks linking the cerebellum and medulla to higher cortical areas

69
Q

medulla oblongata

A

it connects the pons and the rest of the brain to the spinal cord; all afferent and efferent tracks from the spinal cord either pass through or terminate in this region; it contains nerve centers for regulation and control of breathing, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, the heartbeat, and blood pressure

70
Q

acetylcholine (ACh)

A

cholinergic neurotransmitter; plays an important role in the transmission of nerve impulses at synapses and myoneural junction

71
Q

akathisia

A

inability to remain still; motor restlessness and anxiety

72
Q

akinesia

A

a- -kinesia
lack of = motion, movement

loss or lack of voluntary motion

73
Q

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

A

severe form of senile dementia; cortical destruction causes variable degrees of confusion, memory loss, and other cognitive defects

74
Q

amnesia

A

a- mnes -ia
lack of = memory = condition

condition in which there is a loss or lack of memory

75
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

muscular weakness, atrophy, with spasticity caused by degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord, medulla, and cortex; also called Lou Gehrig’s disease

76
Q

analgesia

A

an- -algesia
lack of = condition of pain

condition in which there is a lack of the sensation of pain

77
Q

anencephaly

A

congenital condition in which there is a lack of development of the brain

78
Q

anesthesia

A

an- -esthesia
lack of = feeling

literally means loss or lack of a sense of feeling; a pharmacologically induced reversible state of amnesia, analgesia, loss of responsiveness, loss of skeletal muscle reflexes, and decreased stress response

79
Q

aphagia

A

a- -phagia
lack of = to eat! swallow

loss or lack of the ability to eat or swallow

80
Q

aphasia

A

a- -phasia
lack of = to speak

literally means a lack of the ability to speak; it is a language disorder in which there is an impairment of producing or comprehending spoken or written language due to brain damage

81
Q

apraxia

A

a- -praxia
lack of = action

loss or lack of the ability to use objects properly and to recognize common ones; inability to perform motor tasks or activities of daily living

82
Q

asthenia

A

a- -sthenia
lack of = strength

loss or lack of strength

83
Q

ataxia

A

a- -taxia
lack of = order, coordination

literally means loss or lack of order; neurological sign and symptom consisting of lack of coordination of muscle movements

84
Q

bradykinesia

A

abnormal slowness of motion

85
Q

cephalalgia

A

cephal -algia
head = pain

head pain; headache

86
Q

chorea

A

abnormal involuntary movement disorder, one of a group of neurological disorders called dyskinesias; characterized by episodes of rapid, jerky involuntary muscular twitching of the limbs or facial muscles

87
Q

coma

A

unconscious state or stupor from which the patient cannot be aroused

88
Q

concussion (brain)

A

concuss -ion
shaken violently = process

head injury with a transient loss of brain function

89
Q

craniectomy

A

surgical excision of a portion of the skull

90
Q

dementia

A

group of symptoms marked by memory loss and other cognitive functions such as perception, thinking, reasoning, and remembering

91
Q

dyslexia

A

dys- -lexia
difficult = diction, word

condition in which an individual has difficulty in reading and comprehending written language

92
Q

dysphasia

A

impairment of speech that may be caused by a brain lesion

93
Q

electroencephalograph

A

medical instrument used to record the electrical activity of the brain

94
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain; there are numerous types, many of which are caused by viral infection; symptoms include sudden fever, headache, vomiting, photophobia, stiff neck and back, confusion, drowsiness, clumsiness, unsteady gait, and irritability

95
Q

endorphins

A

chemical substances produced in the brain that act as natural analgesics (opiates) and provide feelings of pleasure

96
Q

epidural

A

causes both a loss of sensation (anesthesia) and a loss of pain (analgesia), by blocking the transmission of signals through nerves in or near the spinal cord

97
Q

epilepsy

A

a neurological disorder involving repeated seizures of any type: partial seizures, generalized seizures, unilateral seizures, or unclassified seizures

98
Q

glioma

A

tumor composed of neuroglial tissue

99
Q

hemiparesis

A

hemi- -paresis
half = weakness

weakness on one side of the body that can be caused by a stroke, cerebral palsy, brain tumor, multiple sclerosis, and other brain and nervous system diseases

100
Q

hemiplegia

A

hemi- -plegia
half = stroke, paralysis

paralysis of one half of the body when it is divided along the median sagittal plane; total paralysis of the arm, leg, and trunk on the same side of the body

101
Q

herpes zoster

A

viral disease characterized by painful vesicular eruptions along the segment of the spinal or cranial nerves; also shingles

102
Q

hydrocephalus

A

hydro- cephal -us
water = head = pertaining to

condition in which there is an increased amount of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain

103
Q

hyperkinesis

A

increased muscular movement and motion; inability to be still; also known as hyperactivity

104
Q

hypnosis

A

artificially induced trancelike state resembling somnambulism (sleepwalking)

105
Q

intracranial

A

intra- crani -al
within = skull = pertaining to

pertaining to within the skull

106
Q

lobotomy

A

surgical incision into the prefrontal or frontal lobe of the brain

107
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges of the spinal cord or brain

108
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

scler -osis
hardening = condition

chronic disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath; plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech

109
Q

myelitis

A

myel -itis
spinal cord = inflammation

inflammation of the spinal cord

110
Q

narcolepsy

A

chronic condition with recurrent attacks of uncontrollable drowsiness and sleep

111
Q

neuralgia

A

pain in a nerve or nerves

112
Q

neurilemma

A

neur/i -lemma
nerve = a sheath

thin membranous sheath that envelopes a nerve fiber; also called sheath of Schwann or neurolemma

113
Q

neuritis

A

inflammation of a nerve

114
Q

neuroblast

A

germ (embryonic) cell from which nervous tissue is formed

115
Q

neurocyte

A

nerve cell, neuron

116
Q

neuroglia

A

supporting or connective tissue cells of the central nervous system

117
Q

neuroma

A

tumor of nerve cells and nerve fibers

118
Q

neurotransmitter

A

Chemical substances, such as dopamine and acetylcholine, transmitted across a synapse that transmits a signal between two neurons

119
Q

palsy

A

pathological loss of sensation or an impairment of motor function; also called paralysis

120
Q

papilledema

A

swelling of the optic disk, usually caused by increased intracranial pressure (ICP); also called choked disk

121
Q

paraplegia

A

para- -plegia
beside = stroke, paralysis

paralysis of the lower part of the body and of both legs

122
Q

paresis

A

slight, partial, or incomplete paralysis

123
Q

paresthesia

A

abnormal sensation, feeling of numbness, prickling, or tingling

124
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

a progressive neurological disorder caused by degeneration of nerve cells in the part of the brain that controls movement

125
Q

paroxysm

A

sudden recurrence of the symptoms of a disease, an exacerbation; also means a spasm or seizure

126
Q

polyneuritis

A

means inflammation involving many nerves

127
Q

quadriplegia

A

paralysis of all four extremities and usually the trunk due to injury to the spinal cord in the cervical spine; also called tetraplegia

128
Q

receptor

A

sensory nerve ending that receives and relays responses to stimuli

129
Q

sciatica

A

severe pain along the course of the sciatic nerve

130
Q

spondylosyndesis

A

surgical procedure to bind vertebra after removal of a herniated disk; also called spinal fusion

131
Q

stroke

A

death of focal brain tissue that occurs when the brain does not get sufficient blood and oxygen; also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack

132
Q

subdural

A

pertaining to below the dura mater

133
Q

syncope

A

temporary loss of consciousness caused by a lack of blood supply to the brain; also called fainting

134
Q

tactile

A

pertaining to the sense of touch

135
Q

ACh

A

acetylcholine

136
Q

AD

A

Alzheimer’s disease

137
Q

ALS

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

138
Q

ANS

A

autonomic nervous system

139
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system

140
Q

CP

A

cerebral palsy

141
Q

CSF

A

cerebrospinal fluid

142
Q

CT

A

computerized tomography

143
Q

CVA

A

cerebrovascular accident

144
Q

DBS

A

deep brain stimulation

145
Q

ICP

A

intracranial pressure

146
Q

LP

A

lumbar puncture

147
Q

MS

A

multiple sclerosis

148
Q

Neuro

A

neurology

149
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system

150
Q

REM

A

rapid eye movement (sleep)

151
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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