Module 5: Ch. 14 Flashcards
cerebell/o
little brain
cephal/o
head
cerebr/o
cerebrum
chrom/o
color
cran/i
skull
crani/o
skull
cyt/o
cell
dendr/o
tree
disk/o
a disk
dur/o
dura, hard
electr/o
electricity
encephal/o
brain
esthesi/o
feeling
fibr/o
fiber
gli/o
glue
hypn/o
sleep
lamin/o
thin plate
later/o
side
lob/o
lobe
mening/i
membrane, meninges
mening/o
membrane, meninges
ment/o
mind
my/o
muscle
myel/o
bone marrow, spinal cord
narc/o
numbness, sleep, stupor
neur/i
nerve
neur/o
nerve
pallid/o
globus pallidus
papill/o
papilla
phe/o
dusky
poli/o
gray
somn/o
sleep
spin/o
a thorn, spine
spondyl/o
vertebra
vag/o
vagus, wandering
ventricul/o
ventricle
central nervous system (CNS)
includes the brain and spinal cord; it’s primary function is to receive impulses from throughout the body, process the information, and respond with an appropriate action
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
consists of the network of nerves and neural tissues branching throughout the body from 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves; it’s primary function is to link the central nervous system with other parts of the body
neurons (nerve cells)
structural and functional units of the nervous system that act as specialized conductors of impulses which enable the body to interact with its internal and external environments
neuroglia
act as supporting tissue
nerve fibers and tracts
conduct impulses from one location to another
brain
governs sensory perception, emotions, consciousness, memory, and voluntary movements
spinal cord
conducts sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses from the brain to body parts; also serves as a reflex center for impulses entering and leaving the spinal cord without involvement of the brain
cranial nerves (12 pairs)
provide sensory input and motor control, or a combination of these
spinal nerves (31 pairs)
carry impulses to the spinal cord and to muscles, organs, and glands
autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions)
controls involuntary bodily functions such as sweating, secretion of glands, arterial blood pressure, smooth muscle tissue, and the heart; also stimulates the adrenal gland to release epinephrine (adrenaline)
motor neurons
cause contractions in muscles and secretions from glands and organs; they also act to inhibit the actions of glands and organs, thereby controlling most of the body’s functions
axon
the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells
dendrites
a short-branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body
myelin sheath
acts as an insulator and increases the transmission velocity of the nerve fiber it surrounds
sensory neurons
they differ in structure from motor neurons because they do not have true dendrites; the processes transmitting sensory information to the cell bodies of these neurons are called peripheral processes; they are attached to sensory receptors and transmit impulses to the central nervous system
afferent nerves
refers to sensory neurons, because they carry impulses from the sensory receptors to the synaptic endings in the central nervous system
interneurons
called central or associative neurons; they are located entirely within the central nervous system; they function to mediate impulses between sensory and motor neurons
nerve fiber
a single elongated process, the axon of a neuron
myelinated sheath
they are fibers that have an inner sheath of myelin, a thick, fatty substance, and an outer sheath or neurilemma composed of Schwann cells
unmyelinated sheath
they are fibers that lack myelin and are sheathed only by the neurilemma
nerve
a collection of nerve fibers, outside the central nervous system; nerves are usually described as being sensory or afferent (conducting to the CNS) parentheses or motor or efferent (conducting away from the CNS to muscles, organs, and glands)
afferent nerve
also known as a sensory neuron; they conduct to the CNS
efferent nerve
also known as a motor neuron; it conducts away from the CNS to muscles, organs, and glands
tracts (nerve tracts)
refers to the groups of nerve fibers within the central nervous system when they have the same origin, function, and termination
corpus callosum
the largest tract of the brain that joins the left and right hemispheres
cerebrum
it represents 7/8 of the brain’s total weight; it’s divided by the longitudinal fissure into two cerebral hemispheres, the right and left, that is joined by the corpus callosum that allow information to pass from one hemisphere to the other
cerebellum
the second largest part of the brain, it occupies a space in the back of the skull, inferior to the cerebrum and dorsal to the pons and medulla oblongata
diencephalon
means “second portion of the brain” and refers to be thalamus and hypothalamus
thalamus
it is the larger of the two divisions of the diencephalon and is actually two large masses of gray cell bodies joined by a third or intermediate mass; it serves as a relay center for all sensory impulses (except olfactory)
hypothalamus
it lies beneath the thalamus and is a principal regulator of autonomic nervous activity that is associated with behavior and emotional expression; it also produces neurosecretions for the control of water balance, sugar and fat metabolism, regulation of body temperature, and other metabolic activities
brainstem
the lower part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord; it provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the cranial nerves
midbrain
it is located below the cerebrum and above the pons; it has four small masses of gray cells
pons
it is a broad band of white matter located anterior to the cerebellum and between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata; it is composed of fiber tracks linking the cerebellum and medulla to higher cortical areas
medulla oblongata
it connects the pons and the rest of the brain to the spinal cord; all afferent and efferent tracks from the spinal cord either pass through or terminate in this region; it contains nerve centers for regulation and control of breathing, swallowing, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, the heartbeat, and blood pressure
acetylcholine (ACh)
cholinergic neurotransmitter; plays an important role in the transmission of nerve impulses at synapses and myoneural junction
akathisia
inability to remain still; motor restlessness and anxiety
akinesia
a- -kinesia
lack of = motion, movement
loss or lack of voluntary motion
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
severe form of senile dementia; cortical destruction causes variable degrees of confusion, memory loss, and other cognitive defects
amnesia
a- mnes -ia
lack of = memory = condition
condition in which there is a loss or lack of memory
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
muscular weakness, atrophy, with spasticity caused by degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord, medulla, and cortex; also called Lou Gehrig’s disease
analgesia
an- -algesia
lack of = condition of pain
condition in which there is a lack of the sensation of pain
anencephaly
congenital condition in which there is a lack of development of the brain
anesthesia
an- -esthesia
lack of = feeling
literally means loss or lack of a sense of feeling; a pharmacologically induced reversible state of amnesia, analgesia, loss of responsiveness, loss of skeletal muscle reflexes, and decreased stress response
aphagia
a- -phagia
lack of = to eat! swallow
loss or lack of the ability to eat or swallow
aphasia
a- -phasia
lack of = to speak
literally means a lack of the ability to speak; it is a language disorder in which there is an impairment of producing or comprehending spoken or written language due to brain damage
apraxia
a- -praxia
lack of = action
loss or lack of the ability to use objects properly and to recognize common ones; inability to perform motor tasks or activities of daily living
asthenia
a- -sthenia
lack of = strength
loss or lack of strength
ataxia
a- -taxia
lack of = order, coordination
literally means loss or lack of order; neurological sign and symptom consisting of lack of coordination of muscle movements
bradykinesia
abnormal slowness of motion
cephalalgia
cephal -algia
head = pain
head pain; headache
chorea
abnormal involuntary movement disorder, one of a group of neurological disorders called dyskinesias; characterized by episodes of rapid, jerky involuntary muscular twitching of the limbs or facial muscles
coma
unconscious state or stupor from which the patient cannot be aroused
concussion (brain)
concuss -ion
shaken violently = process
head injury with a transient loss of brain function
craniectomy
surgical excision of a portion of the skull
dementia
group of symptoms marked by memory loss and other cognitive functions such as perception, thinking, reasoning, and remembering
dyslexia
dys- -lexia
difficult = diction, word
condition in which an individual has difficulty in reading and comprehending written language
dysphasia
impairment of speech that may be caused by a brain lesion
electroencephalograph
medical instrument used to record the electrical activity of the brain
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain; there are numerous types, many of which are caused by viral infection; symptoms include sudden fever, headache, vomiting, photophobia, stiff neck and back, confusion, drowsiness, clumsiness, unsteady gait, and irritability
endorphins
chemical substances produced in the brain that act as natural analgesics (opiates) and provide feelings of pleasure
epidural
causes both a loss of sensation (anesthesia) and a loss of pain (analgesia), by blocking the transmission of signals through nerves in or near the spinal cord
epilepsy
a neurological disorder involving repeated seizures of any type: partial seizures, generalized seizures, unilateral seizures, or unclassified seizures
glioma
tumor composed of neuroglial tissue
hemiparesis
hemi- -paresis
half = weakness
weakness on one side of the body that can be caused by a stroke, cerebral palsy, brain tumor, multiple sclerosis, and other brain and nervous system diseases
hemiplegia
hemi- -plegia
half = stroke, paralysis
paralysis of one half of the body when it is divided along the median sagittal plane; total paralysis of the arm, leg, and trunk on the same side of the body
herpes zoster
viral disease characterized by painful vesicular eruptions along the segment of the spinal or cranial nerves; also shingles
hydrocephalus
hydro- cephal -us
water = head = pertaining to
condition in which there is an increased amount of cerebrospinal fluid within the brain
hyperkinesis
increased muscular movement and motion; inability to be still; also known as hyperactivity
hypnosis
artificially induced trancelike state resembling somnambulism (sleepwalking)
intracranial
intra- crani -al
within = skull = pertaining to
pertaining to within the skull
lobotomy
surgical incision into the prefrontal or frontal lobe of the brain
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges of the spinal cord or brain
multiple sclerosis (MS)
scler -osis
hardening = condition
chronic disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath; plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech
myelitis
myel -itis
spinal cord = inflammation
inflammation of the spinal cord
narcolepsy
chronic condition with recurrent attacks of uncontrollable drowsiness and sleep
neuralgia
pain in a nerve or nerves
neurilemma
neur/i -lemma
nerve = a sheath
thin membranous sheath that envelopes a nerve fiber; also called sheath of Schwann or neurolemma
neuritis
inflammation of a nerve
neuroblast
germ (embryonic) cell from which nervous tissue is formed
neurocyte
nerve cell, neuron
neuroglia
supporting or connective tissue cells of the central nervous system
neuroma
tumor of nerve cells and nerve fibers
neurotransmitter
Chemical substances, such as dopamine and acetylcholine, transmitted across a synapse that transmits a signal between two neurons
palsy
pathological loss of sensation or an impairment of motor function; also called paralysis
papilledema
swelling of the optic disk, usually caused by increased intracranial pressure (ICP); also called choked disk
paraplegia
para- -plegia
beside = stroke, paralysis
paralysis of the lower part of the body and of both legs
paresis
slight, partial, or incomplete paralysis
paresthesia
abnormal sensation, feeling of numbness, prickling, or tingling
Parkinson’s disease
a progressive neurological disorder caused by degeneration of nerve cells in the part of the brain that controls movement
paroxysm
sudden recurrence of the symptoms of a disease, an exacerbation; also means a spasm or seizure
polyneuritis
means inflammation involving many nerves
quadriplegia
paralysis of all four extremities and usually the trunk due to injury to the spinal cord in the cervical spine; also called tetraplegia
receptor
sensory nerve ending that receives and relays responses to stimuli
sciatica
severe pain along the course of the sciatic nerve
spondylosyndesis
surgical procedure to bind vertebra after removal of a herniated disk; also called spinal fusion
stroke
death of focal brain tissue that occurs when the brain does not get sufficient blood and oxygen; also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack
subdural
pertaining to below the dura mater
syncope
temporary loss of consciousness caused by a lack of blood supply to the brain; also called fainting
tactile
pertaining to the sense of touch
ACh
acetylcholine
AD
Alzheimer’s disease
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
ANS
autonomic nervous system
CNS
central nervous system
CP
cerebral palsy
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
CT
computerized tomography
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
DBS
deep brain stimulation
ICP
intracranial pressure
LP
lumbar puncture
MS
multiple sclerosis
Neuro
neurology
PNS
peripheral nervous system
REM
rapid eye movement (sleep)
TIA
transient ischemic attack
