Module 3: Ch. 8 Flashcards
aden/o
gland
absorpt/o
to suck in
aliment/o
nourishment
amyl/o
starch
anabol/o
building up
append/o
appendix
appendic/o
appendix
bil/i
gall, bile
bucc/o
cheek
catabol/o
a casting down
celi/o
abdomen, belly
cheil/o
lip
chol/e
gall, bile
choledoch/o
common bile duct
cirrh/o
orange-yellow
col/o
colon
colon/o
colon
cyst/o
bladder
dent/o
tooth
diverticul/o
diverticula
duoden/o
duodenum
enter/o
intestine
esophage/o
esophagus
fibr/o
fibrous tissue
gastr/o
stomach
gingiv/o
gums
gloss/o
tongue
glyc/o
sweet, sugar
halit/o
breath
hemat/o
blood
hemorrh/o
vein liable to bleed
hepat/o
liver
herni/o
hernia
ile/o
ileum
labi/o
lip
lapar/o
abdomen
lingu/o
tongue
lip/o
fat
odont/o
tooth
pancreat/o
pancreas
pept/o
to digest
pharyng/e
pharynx
pil/o
hair
prand/i
meal
proct/o
anus and rectum
pylor/o
pylorus, gatekeeper
rect/o
rectum
sial/o
saliva, salivary
sigmoid/o
sigmoid
splen/o
spleen
stomat/o
mouth
verm/i
worm
alimentary canal
the whole passage way along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus; includes esophagus, stomach, and intestines
gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)
the system of organs which takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste; also referred to as the alimentary canal
digestion
the process by which food is changed in the mouth, stomach, and intestines by chemical, mechanical, and physical action, so that the body can absorb it
absorption
the process by which nutrient material is taken into the bloodstream or lymph and travels to all cells of the body
elimination
the process whereby the solid waste (end) products of digestion are excreted
mouth
mechanically breaks food apart by the action of the teeth; moistens and lubricates food with saliva
teeth
used and mastication (chewing)
salivary glands
secrete saliva to moisten and lubricate food
pharynx
common passageway for both respiration and digestion; muscular constrictions move the swallowed bolus into the esophagus
esophagus
a muscular tube about 10 inches long that leads from the pharynx to the stomach
small intestine
digestion and absorption take place chiefly in the small intestine; nutrients are absorbed and transferred to body cells by the circulatory system; it’s about 21 feet long and 1 inch and diameter; it’s divided into three parts the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum
large intestine
reabsorbs water from the fecal material, stores, and then eliminates waste from the body via the rectum and anus; it’s about 5 feet long and 2 1/2 inches in diameter; it’s divided into the cecum, the colon, the rectum, and the anal canal
atrophy
body tissue or an organ that waste away; typically due to the degeneration of cells
gingivae
gums of the oral cavity
lingual frenulum
membrane connecting the underside of the tongue to the base of the mouth; prevents extreme movement of the tongue
tongue
it is made of skeletal muscle and is covered with mucous membrane; it manipulates food during chewing and assists in swallowing
root of tongue
the blunt, rear portion of the tongue
papillae
elevations located on the surface of the tongue
taste buds
nerve endings on the tongue that provide the sense of taste
deciduous teeth
temporary, or baby teeth (20 teeth in this set); referred to as milk teeth
permanent teeth
the secondary dentition teeth after the shedding of deciduous teeth; set consists of 32 teeth
incisors
a sharp-edged tooth in the front of the mouth, adapted for cutting food; there are four incisors in the jaw
cuspid teeth (canine)
A tooth with a single point; they are larger and stronger than the incisors
premolars (bicuspid teeth)
it’s situated between the molar and cuspid teeth; normally an adult has eight total
molar teeth
the largest of the permanent set, and their broad crowns are adapted for grinding and pounding food; normally there are 12 total (wisdom teeth included)
3 main portions of the tooth
1) crown - projects above the gumline
2) neck - the constricted portion just below the crown and above the root
3) root - the bottom-most portion of the tooth, it’s embedded in the alveolus
pulp cavity
contains the dental pulp, a loose connective tissue richly supplied with vessels and nerves that enter the cavity through the small aperture at the point of each root
root canal
a narrow tunnel located at the base of the tooth , that contains blood vessels and nerves that reach the pulp cavity
apical foramen
the opening of the pulp canal in the root of the tooth
periodontal ligament
consist of collagen fibers that extend from the dentin of the route to the bone of the alveolus, creating a strong articulation which binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxillary bone and mandible
alveolus
the bony socket for the root of a tooth
cementum
a thin layer of bone that covers the dentin of the root, providing protection and firmly anchoring the periodontal ligament
dentin
consisted in the solid portion of the tooth; it forms the bulk of the tooth
enamel
covers the exposed part of the crown and is the hardest and most compact part of a tooth
gingival sulcus
the shallow groove that surrounds the neck of each tooth
pharynx
a musculomembranous tube extending from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra where it becomes continuous with the esophagus
nasopharynx
the upper portion, above the soft palate
oropharynx
the middle portion, lies between the palate and the hyoid bone and has an opening to the oral cavity
epiglottis
a flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe
peristalsis
the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward
larynx
referred to as the voice box
fundus
the upper region of the stomach
antrum
the lower region of the stomach
laryngopharynx
the lowest portion, is below the hyoid bone and opens inferiorly to the larynx anteriorly and the esophagus posteriorly
duodenum
the first 12 inches of the small intestine, just beyond the stomach
jejunum
the next 8 feet of the small intestine, after the duodenum
ileum
the remaining 12 feet of the small intestinal tube, after the duodenum and jejunum
stomach
reduces food to a digestible state; converts the food to a semiliquid state called chyme
cecum
a pouch-like structure forming the beginning of the large intestine; it is about 3 inches long and has the appendix attached to it
colon
it makes up the bulk of the large intestine and is divided into the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and the sigmoid colon
rectum
the final portion of the large intestine, leading to the anus
anal canal
the terminal portion of the digestive tract
appendix
a tube-shaped sac attached to the lower end of the large intestine
salivary glands
they secrete saliva in response to the sight, smell, taste, or mental image of food
saliva
composed of 98% water while the other 2% consists of other compounds such as electrolytes, mucus, antibacterial compounds, and various enzymes that help start the process of digestion
parotid
special salivary glands that are located on either side of the face, slightly below the ear
submandibular gland
special salivary gland located in the floor of the mouth
sublingual gland
special salivary gland located below the tongue
liver
the largest glandular organ in the body, it weighs about 3 1/2 pounds and is located in the upper right part of the abdomen; it plays an essential role in the normal metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
anabolism
the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism
catabolism
the breakdown of complex molecules to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism
bile
digestive juices that help breakdown large fat globules into smaller particles
fibrinogen
a soluble protein present in blood plasma, from which fibrin is produced by the action of the enzyme thrombin
prothrombin
a protein present in blood plasma that is converted into active thrombin during coagulation
heparin
a compound occurring in the liver and other tissues that inhibits blood coagulation
blood proteins
proteins present in blood plasma
gallbladder
a membranous sac attached to the liver in which excess bile is stored and concentrated
pancreas
a large, elongated gland situated behind the stomach and secreting pancreatic juice into the small intestine; it’s 6 to 9 inches long and contains cells that produce digestive enzymes
enzymes
a substance that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction
anorexia
an- -orexia
lack of = appetite
lack of appetite, decreased desire for food
appendectomy
append -ectomy
appendix = surgical excision
surgical excision of the appendix
appendicitis
appendic -itis
appendix = inflammation
inflammation of the appendix
bilirubin
orange-colored bile pigment produced by the separation of hemoglobin into parts that are excreted by the liver cells
black hairy tongue
condition in which the tongue is covered by hair-like papillae entangled with threads produced by Candida albicans fungi
bowel
intestine
buccal
bucc -al
cheek = pertaining to
literally means pertaining to the cheek; relating to the cheek or mouth
celiac
celi -ac
abdomen = pertaining to
pertaining to the abdomen
cheilosis
cheil -osis
lip = condition
abnormal condition of the lip as seen in riboflavin and other B-complex deficiencies
cholecystectomy
chol/e cyst -ectomy
gall, bile = bladder = surgical excision
surgical excision of the gallbladder
cholecystitis
chol/e cyst -itis
gall, bile = bladder = inflammation
inflammation of the gallbladder
chyle
milky fluid of intestinal digestion composed of lymph and emulsified fats
cirrhosis
cirrh -osis
orange-yellow = condition
chronic degenerative liver disease characterized by changes in the lobes
Crohn’s disease
chronic autoimmune disease that can affect any part of the G.I. tract but most commonly occurs in the ileum
defacation
defecat -ion
to removed dregs = process
evacuation of the bowel
deglutition
act or process of swallowing
dentalgia
dent -algia
tooth = pain, ache
pain in a tooth; toothache
dentist
dent -ist
tooth = one who specializes
one who specializes in dentistry
diarrhea
dia- -rrhea
through = flow
frequent passage of unformed watery stools
digestion
process by which food is changed in the mouth, stomach, and intestines by chemical, mechanical, and physical action so that it can be absorbed by the body
dysentery
dys- enter -y
difficult = intestine = pertaining to
an intestinal disease characterized by inflammation of the mucous membrane
dyspepsia
dys- -pepsia
difficult = to digest
difficulty in digestion; indigestion
dysphagia
dys- -phagia
difficult = to eat, to swallow
difficulty in swallowing
emesis
eme -sis
to vomit = condition
vomiting
enteric
enter -ic
small intestine = pertaining to
pertaining to the small intestine
enteritis
enter -itis
small intestine = inflammation
inflammation of the small intestine
eructation
eructat -ion
a breaking out = process
belching
feces
body waste discharged from the bowel by way of the anus
flatus
literally means a blowing in Latin; the expelling of gas from the anus
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
condition that occurs when the muscle between the esophagus and the stomach, the lower esophageal sphincter, is weak or relaxes inappropriately, allowing the stomach’s contents to back up (reflux) into the esophagus
gavage
to feed liquid or semiliquid food via a tube (stomach or nasogastric)
gingivitis
gingiv -itis
gums = inflammation
inflammation of the gums
halitosis
halit -osis
breath = condition
bad breath
hematemesis
hemat -emesis
blood = vomiting
vomiting of blood
hematochezia
passage of stools that contain red blood
hemorrhoid
hemorrh -oid
vein liable to bleed = resemble
mass of dilated, tortuous veins in the anorectum; can be internal or external
hepatitis
hepat -itis
liver = inflammation
inflammation of the liver
hernia
abnormal protrusion of an organ or a part of an organ through the wall of the body cavity that normally contains it
hyperemesis
hyper- -emesis
excessive = vomiting
excessive vomiting
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
disorder that interferes with the normal functions of the large intestine (colon)
labial
labi -al
lip = pertaining to
pertaining to the lip
lavage
to wash out a cavity; gastric lavage is used to remove or dilute gastric contents in cases of acute poisoning or ingestion of a caustic substance
mastication
masticat -ion
to chew = process
chewing; the physical breaking up of food and mixing with saliva in the mouth
nausea
uncomfortable feeling of the inclination to vomit
periodontal disease
inflammation and degeneration of the gums and surrounding bone, which frequently causes loss of the teeth
postprandial (PP)
post- prand/i -al
after = meal = pertaining to
pertaining to after a meal
proctologist
physician who specializes in the study of the anus and rectum
stomatitis
stomat -itis
mouth = inflammation
inflammation of the mouth
ulcer
open lesion or sore of the epidermis or mucous membrane
ulcerative colitis
disease that causes inflammation and ulcers in the lining of the large intestine
vomit
to eject stomach contents from the mouth
ac
before meals (ante cibum)
BE
barium enema
BM
bowel movement
BRP
bathroom privileges
CHO
carbohydrate
CUC
chronic ulcerative colitis
GB
gallbladder
GI
gastrointestinal
GTT
glucose tolerance test
IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
NG
nasogastric (tube)
NPO
nothing by mouth
N&V
nausea and vomiting
pc
after meals (post cibum)
PP
postprandial (after meals)
PUD
peptic ulcer disease
RDA
recommended dietary or daily allowance
UGI
upper gastrointestinal
