Module 2: Ch. 7 Flashcards
amputat/o
to cut through
agon/o
agony, a contest
brach/i
arm
cleid/o
clavicle
clon/o
turmoil
duct/o
to lead
dactyl/o
finger or toe
dermat/o
skin
fasci/o
a band
fibr/o
fiber
is/o
equal
metr/o
to measure
muscul/o
muscle
my/o
muscle
neur/o
nerve
path/o
disease
prosth/e
an addition
rhabd/o
rod
rotat/o
to turn
sarc/o
flesh
scler/o
hardening
stern/o
sternum
synov/o
synovial
ten/o
tendon
therm/o
hot, heat
ton/o
tone, tension
tors/o
twisted
tort/i
twisted
troph/o
a turning
volunt/o
will
What are the three basic types of muscles in the body?
- skeletal muscle
- smooth muscle
- cardiac muscle
skeletal muscles
also known as VOLUNTARY or STRIATED muscles, these muscles are controlled by the conscious part of the brain and attach to the bones
How many skeletal muscles are in the human body?
there are over 600 skeletal muscles in the body
contractility
allows muscles to change shape to become shorter and thicker
extensibility
allows living muscle cells to be stretched and extended, becoming longer and thinner
excitability
when muscles receive and respond to stimulation
elasticity
when a living muscle cell returns to its original shape after the stretching force is removed
three different parts of the muscle
- body (main portion)
- origin
- insertion
tendon
band of fibrous connective tissue serving for the attachment of muscles to bones
aponeurosis
a strong, flat sheet of fibrous connective tissue that serves as a tendon to attach muscles to bone or as fascia to bind muscles together or to other tissues at their origin or insertion
antagonist muscle
muscle that counteracts the action of another muscle; when one contracts the other relaxes
agonist muscle
prime mover
muscle that is primary in a given movement; the movement is produced by its contraction
synergist muscle
muscle that acts with another muscle to produce and assist movement
smooth muscle
also called involuntary, visceral,or unstriated; they are not controlled by the conscious part of the brain; they are under the control of the autonomic nervous system and,in most cases, produce relatively slow contraction with a greater degree extensibility
cardiac muscle
it is involuntary but striated in appearance; it is under the control of the autonomic nervous system and has specialized neuromuscular tissue located within the right atrium
myocardium
the muscle of the heart
pacemaker cells
the cells that produce the stimulation for contraction without nervous input
What are the primary functions of muscles?
- Muscles are responsible for movement.
- Through a process known as TONICITY, muscles help to maintain posture through a continual partial contraction of skeletal muscles.
- Muscles help to produce heat through the chemical changes involved in muscular action.
amputation
amputat -ion
to cut through = process
surgical or traumatic removal of a limb, part, or other appendage
ataxia
a- -taxia
lack of = order
lack of muscular coordination; an inability to coordinate voluntary muscular movements that is symptomatic of some nervous disorders
atonic
a- ton -ic
lack of = tone = pertaining to
pertaining to a lack of normal tone or tension; the lack of normal muscle tone
atrophy
a- -trophy
lack of = nourishment
wasting of muscular tissue that may be caused by lack of use or lack of nerve stimulation of the muscle
bradykinesia
brady- -kinesia
slow = motion
slowness of motion or movement
clonic
clon -ic
turmoil = pertaining to
pertaining to alternate contraction and relaxation of muscles
dactylospasm
dactyl/o -spasm
finger or toe = tension spasm
medical term for cramp of a finger or toe
dystonia
dys- troph -in
difficult = a turning = chemical
condition of impaired muscle tone
dystrophy
dys- -trophy
difficult = nourishment
any condition of abnormal development caused by defective nourishment, often noted by the degeneration of muscles
fascia
fasc -ia
a band = condition
thin layer of connective tissue covering, supporting, or connecting the muscles or inner organs of the body
fatigue
state of tiredness occurring in a muscle as a result of repeated contractions
fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS)
fibr/o my -algia
fiber = muscle = pain
disorder with chronic, widespread musculoskeletal pain and fatigue; other symptoms include sleep disorders, irritable bowel syndrome,depression, and chronic headaches
First Aid Treatment
the provision of initial care for an injury or illness
flaccid
lacking muscle tone; weak, soft, and flabby
insertion
in- sert -ion
into = to gain = process
point of attachment of a muscle to the part that it moves
intramuscular (IM)
intra- muscul -ar
within = muscle = pertaining to
pertaining to within a muscle, such as an IM injection
massage
kneading that applies pressure and friction to external body tissues
muscular dystrophy (MD)
refers to a group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal or voluntary muscles that control movement
myalgia
my -algia
muscle = pain
pain in the muscle
myasthenia gravis (MG)
my -asthenia gravis
muscle = weakness = grave
chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by varying degrees of weakness of the skeletal (voluntary) muscles of the body
myoblast
my/o -blast
muscle = immature cell
embryonic cell that develops into a cell of muscle fiber
polyplegia
poly- -plegia
many = stroke, paralysis
paralysis affecting many muscles
position
bodily posture or attitude; the manner in which a patient’s body may be arranged for examination
prosthesis
prosth/e -sis
an addition = condition
artificial device used to replace an organ or body part; such as hand, arm, leg, or hip
rheumatism
rheumat -ism
discharge = condition
General term used to describe conditions characterized by inflammation, soreness, and stiffness of muscles and pain in joints
rigor mortis
stiffness of skeletal muscles seen in death; develops between the 4th and 24th hour after death, then ceases
strain
excessive, forcible stretching of a muscle or the musculotendinous unit
tonic
ton -ic
tone, tension = pertaining to
pertaining to tone, especially muscular tension
torticollis
tort/I -collis
twisted = neck
stiff neck caused by spasmodic contraction of the muscles of the neck; wryneck
AE
above elbow
AK
above knee
BE
below elbow
BK
below knee
DTRs
deep tendon reflexes
FMS
fibromyalgia syndrome
FROM
full range of motion
MG
myasthenia gravis
MS
musculoskeletal
ROM
range of motion
sh
shoulder
SOB
shortness of breath
TBW
total body weight
