Module 6 Flashcards
Atom
Smallest most basic UNIT of MATTER
Cell
Smallest most basic LIVING ORGANISM
Essential properties of life
growth, reproduction, movement, and evolution
Examples of unicellular organism
Bacteria, yeasts, and tiny algaes that float on ocean or ponds.
Protesists
Cells differ in
Size and shape
The Cell Theory
All organisms are made up of CELLS
The cell is the FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Cells come from PREEXISTING cells
What are cells like in multi-cellular organisms
Cells are specialized to carry out different functions
Skin cells; protection form the outside environment
Skeletal muscle cells; help move body
Liver cells; process and help break down food eaten
Nerve cells; process information and help control and coordinate the functions of our various organs
What is the simplest entitiy we can define as living
The cell
Properties of life
Can reproduce, respond to the environment, harness energy and evolve
What do all cells contain
Discrete boundaries between the interior of the cell and the external environment
Maintains the inside in a way that is compatible with life
All contain INFORMATION on the molecular form that can be passed onto other cells
Can harness energy
Can harness materials from the environment to carry out functions
How do cells carry out functions
Harness materials from the environment
Cell membranes
Separates living material within the cell from the nonliving environment around it.
Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell
Maintains conditions inside the cell so that it remains compatible with life
How do cells build macromolecules from their surroundings
They continually acquire and exchange ions and the building blocks required to build them
Where is the active and dynamic interplay between cells and their surroundings
At the cell membrane
The internal environment of the cell is ____. Examples.
Stable
pH range, salt concentration, temperature, heart rate, blood sugar, blood pressure, blood pH, water content must be within a narrow range.
What cellular functions require stable cells
chemical reactions, protein folding
Homeostasis
The active maintenance of stable internal conditions
What kind of process is homeostasis
An active process and requires a stable and steady interplay between interior and changing exterior eniornment
Active process
Cell or organism uses ENERGY to maintain homeostasis
Why do cells need energy
to maintain homeostasis
What do cells do with information
store, use and transmit
It accurately and rapidly encodes and helps determine their physical features, and function.
Transmits information to daughter cells;
Information archive in all organisms
Directs the synthesis of proteins
DNA
DNA directs the formation of
Proteins
Guides the synthesis of RNA first
Key structural and functional molecule that do the work of the cells
Proteins
Every aspect of the cells existence depends on
Proteins
internal architecture, shape, ability to move, various chemical reactions.
Ribosome
A complex structure that is the site where the protein is assembled
Sequence of nucleotides
DNA and RNA
Sequence of amino acids
Proteins
Translate RNA language into protein language
Ribosome
simplest entity we can define as living
Cell
Living means it can
Reproduce, respond to environment, and evolve
Cells come from preexisting cells through
Cell division
Copy and archive information rapidly, and accurately to pass on to daughter cells
A common entity shared among millions of species
The cell
We can extend everything we learn from cells to all forms of life
True
Cell membrane/ Plasma membrane
Boundaries that separate biotic interior and abiotic outside
Maintains homeostasis so that the cell remains compatible with life
What materials does the cell membrane control
Things in and out of cell
Take and exchange ions and building blocks to build macromolecules
Excrete waste produces
Which environment in relation to the cell is more stable
Interior
Why is homeostasis inportant
For chemical reactions, protein folding, and other cell functions that occur efficiently only within narrow range of conditions
Cell membrane maintains homeostasis of what
pH, salt concentrations, heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, blood sugar, water concentrations
Is homeostasis active or passive, why?
Active process since it uses energy and continuous interplay between inside and outside of the cell
How do cells determine their features
All cells have a stable archive of information encodes/ DNA to determine their physical features.
Ribosome
Complex structure that is the site of protein synthesis
Translate RNA into language of proteins
Translates nucleotides into amino acids
DNA direct the formation of
Proteins, key functional and structural molecules that do cell work
Proteins are important for
Internal architecture, shape, ability to move, various chemical reactions
Cells obtain energy from where
chemical compounds and the sun
Metabolism is important for
harnessing energy to grow, move, communicate
Metabolism
Entire set of chemical reactions where cells transfer energy from one form to another
Build and break down molecules in reactions needed to sustain life
How is ATP energy gained
Metabolic chemical reactions that break down molecules, releasing energy, stored as ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
Enables cells to carry out functions, growth, division, moving substances across membrane, etc.
2 Branches of metabolism
Catabolism and Annabolism
Catabolism
SET OF Reactions that BREAK DOWN molecules unit subunits, releasing ATP energy and heat
Anabolism
SET OF Reactions that BUILD molecules from subunits and require energy input
How can catabolism reactions release more energy
Further breaking down initial produces to release energy from CHEMICAL BONDS
Why do we know that metabolic reactions evolved early in human life
Same reactions are found in many different organism, HIGHLY CONSERVED
What is the primary structure of proteins and what does it do
Long chain of amino acids, that determined how a protein will fold into its final shape
How do amino acids connect with eachother
Covalent peptide bonds
What does the tertiary structure determined of a protein
Protein’s final shape that determine the molecules FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Blood cells shape and use
Biconcave to pass through narrow blood cells, gives high surface area allowing the cell to pick up and release oxygen throughout the body
Live Cells
Spherical build and break down macromolecules
Muscle cells
Long and slender to contract and exert force
Neuron cell
Long and branched to communicate with other cells and organs
Nucleus
Membrane-bound space, House of genetic material
Selectively controls movement of molecules and out of cell
Cytoplasm
The space outside the nucleus
Domains
groups
First cells on earth
Single-celled prokaryotes
Domains of prokaryotes
Bacteria and archaea
What can we learn form Archaea
Tolerate environment extreme so we can DEFINE THE LIMITS OF LIFE
Can grow and reproduce in hot temperatures, some thriive under high salinity (acid mines)
Why do prokaryotes thrive
small size, ability to reproduce quickly and obtain energy and nutrients from diverse sources
Where is the DNA found in prokaryotes
In the region called a NUCLEOID arranged in many loops
How do prokaryotes maintain shape
Have a cell wall around plasma membrane
Peptidoglycan
Bacteria cell wall subunits
Polymer of sugars amino acids
Flagella
Structures that allow bacteria and other PROKARYOTIC cells move
Which single cells contain plasmids
Bacteria and Archaea
Plasmid
Much smaller circular molecules of DNA, that carry just a few genes
Advantage having genes and rapidly spread through bacteria population
Pili
Extend from one cell to another when they transfer plasmids
How are plasmids transfered
through the use of pili
Which primitive cell is there more of
Prokaryotes outnumber Eukaryotes
Bacteria and Archaea are
Single-celled prokaryotes that are very metabolically diverse.
More closely related to each other than to Eukaryotes
Differ in structure of cell wall, how to synthesize RNA from DNA
Eukarya
3rd Domain of life
Include animals plants and fungi, and protists
Protists
Single celled eukaryotic organisms
How is DNA organized in Eukaryotes
as MULTIPLE LINEAR CHAINS within the nucleus
Why is the nuclear membrane important
Allows for more complex REGULATION of gene expression than in prokaryotes
DNA directs the process of
RNA synthesis
RNA directs
Protein synthesis
Protein synthesis in prokaryotes
RNA and Protein synthesis occur immediately one after another
What do the many membranes in Eukaryotes define
Organelles compartments
Organelles
Small specialized specs for different functions
Cytosol
Jelly-like material outside of the nucleus and organelles
Cilia
Rod-like structures that extend from EUKARYOTIC CELLS
In single celled eukaryotes
2 types of cilia
NONmotile (most common) and Motile cilia
Motile Cilia
Moves and propel movement of cells or fluids surrounding the cells
Non-motile cilia
Most common
Serve as a sensory function, taking in environmental signals and convey them into the cell interior
Found in nose and eyes
Cilia are found in
Single celled Eukaryotes
Algae and protists and propel them through water
Long cilia are found in
Sperm cells and upper airways of mammals where they beat mucus and debris out of the lungs
