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AP Bio > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Atom

A

Smallest most basic UNIT of MATTER

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2
Q

Cell

A

Smallest most basic LIVING ORGANISM

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3
Q

Essential properties of life

A

growth, reproduction, movement, and evolution

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4
Q

Examples of unicellular organism

A

Bacteria, yeasts, and tiny algaes that float on ocean or ponds.
Protesists

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5
Q

Cells differ in

A

Size and shape

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6
Q

The Cell Theory

A

All organisms are made up of CELLS
The cell is the FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
Cells come from PREEXISTING cells

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7
Q

What are cells like in multi-cellular organisms

A

Cells are specialized to carry out different functions
Skin cells; protection form the outside environment
Skeletal muscle cells; help move body
Liver cells; process and help break down food eaten
Nerve cells; process information and help control and coordinate the functions of our various organs

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8
Q

What is the simplest entitiy we can define as living

A

The cell

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9
Q

Properties of life

A

Can reproduce, respond to the environment, harness energy and evolve

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10
Q

What do all cells contain

A

Discrete boundaries between the interior of the cell and the external environment
Maintains the inside in a way that is compatible with life
All contain INFORMATION on the molecular form that can be passed onto other cells
Can harness energy
Can harness materials from the environment to carry out functions

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11
Q

How do cells carry out functions

A

Harness materials from the environment

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12
Q

Cell membranes

A

Separates living material within the cell from the nonliving environment around it.
Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell
Maintains conditions inside the cell so that it remains compatible with life

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13
Q

How do cells build macromolecules from their surroundings

A

They continually acquire and exchange ions and the building blocks required to build them

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14
Q

Where is the active and dynamic interplay between cells and their surroundings

A

At the cell membrane

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15
Q

The internal environment of the cell is ____. Examples.

A

Stable
pH range, salt concentration, temperature, heart rate, blood sugar, blood pressure, blood pH, water content must be within a narrow range.

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16
Q

What cellular functions require stable cells

A

chemical reactions, protein folding

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17
Q

Homeostasis

A

The active maintenance of stable internal conditions

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18
Q

What kind of process is homeostasis

A

An active process and requires a stable and steady interplay between interior and changing exterior eniornment

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19
Q

Active process

A

Cell or organism uses ENERGY to maintain homeostasis

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20
Q

Why do cells need energy

A

to maintain homeostasis

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21
Q

What do cells do with information

A

store, use and transmit
It accurately and rapidly encodes and helps determine their physical features, and function.
Transmits information to daughter cells;

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22
Q

Information archive in all organisms
Directs the synthesis of proteins

A

DNA

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23
Q

DNA directs the formation of

A

Proteins
Guides the synthesis of RNA first

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24
Q

Key structural and functional molecule that do the work of the cells

A

Proteins

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25
Q

Every aspect of the cells existence depends on

A

Proteins
internal architecture, shape, ability to move, various chemical reactions.

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26
Q

Ribosome

A

A complex structure that is the site where the protein is assembled

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27
Q

Sequence of nucleotides

A

DNA and RNA

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28
Q

Sequence of amino acids

A

Proteins

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29
Q

Translate RNA language into protein language

A

Ribosome

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30
Q

simplest entity we can define as living

A

Cell

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31
Q

Living means it can

A

Reproduce, respond to environment, and evolve

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32
Q

Cells come from preexisting cells through

A

Cell division
Copy and archive information rapidly, and accurately to pass on to daughter cells

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33
Q

A common entity shared among millions of species

A

The cell

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34
Q

We can extend everything we learn from cells to all forms of life

A

True

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35
Q

Cell membrane/ Plasma membrane

A

Boundaries that separate biotic interior and abiotic outside
Maintains homeostasis so that the cell remains compatible with life

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36
Q

What materials does the cell membrane control

A

Things in and out of cell
Take and exchange ions and building blocks to build macromolecules
Excrete waste produces

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37
Q

Which environment in relation to the cell is more stable

A

Interior

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38
Q

Why is homeostasis inportant

A

For chemical reactions, protein folding, and other cell functions that occur efficiently only within narrow range of conditions

39
Q

Cell membrane maintains homeostasis of what

A

pH, salt concentrations, heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, blood sugar, water concentrations

40
Q

Is homeostasis active or passive, why?

A

Active process since it uses energy and continuous interplay between inside and outside of the cell

41
Q

How do cells determine their features

A

All cells have a stable archive of information encodes/ DNA to determine their physical features.

42
Q

Ribosome

A

Complex structure that is the site of protein synthesis
Translate RNA into language of proteins
Translates nucleotides into amino acids

42
Q

DNA direct the formation of

A

Proteins, key functional and structural molecules that do cell work

43
Q

Proteins are important for

A

Internal architecture, shape, ability to move, various chemical reactions

44
Q

Cells obtain energy from where

A

chemical compounds and the sun

45
Q

Metabolism is important for

A

harnessing energy to grow, move, communicate

46
Q

Metabolism

A

Entire set of chemical reactions where cells transfer energy from one form to another
Build and break down molecules in reactions needed to sustain life

47
Q

How is ATP energy gained

A

Metabolic chemical reactions that break down molecules, releasing energy, stored as ATP

48
Q

Adenosine triphosphate

A

Enables cells to carry out functions, growth, division, moving substances across membrane, etc.

49
Q

2 Branches of metabolism

A

Catabolism and Annabolism

50
Q

Catabolism

A

SET OF Reactions that BREAK DOWN molecules unit subunits, releasing ATP energy and heat

51
Q

Anabolism

A

SET OF Reactions that BUILD molecules from subunits and require energy input

52
Q

How can catabolism reactions release more energy

A

Further breaking down initial produces to release energy from CHEMICAL BONDS

53
Q

Why do we know that metabolic reactions evolved early in human life

A

Same reactions are found in many different organism, HIGHLY CONSERVED

54
Q

What is the primary structure of proteins and what does it do

A

Long chain of amino acids, that determined how a protein will fold into its final shape

55
Q

How do amino acids connect with eachother

A

Covalent peptide bonds

56
Q

What does the tertiary structure determined of a protein

A

Protein’s final shape that determine the molecules FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES

57
Q

Blood cells shape and use

A

Biconcave to pass through narrow blood cells, gives high surface area allowing the cell to pick up and release oxygen throughout the body

58
Q

Live Cells

A

Spherical build and break down macromolecules

59
Q

Muscle cells

A

Long and slender to contract and exert force

60
Q

Neuron cell

A

Long and branched to communicate with other cells and organs

61
Q

Nucleus

A

Membrane-bound space, House of genetic material
Selectively controls movement of molecules and out of cell

62
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The space outside the nucleus

63
Q

Domains

A

groups

64
Q

First cells on earth

A

Single-celled prokaryotes

65
Q

Domains of prokaryotes

A

Bacteria and archaea

66
Q

What can we learn form Archaea

A

Tolerate environment extreme so we can DEFINE THE LIMITS OF LIFE
Can grow and reproduce in hot temperatures, some thriive under high salinity (acid mines)

67
Q

Why do prokaryotes thrive

A

small size, ability to reproduce quickly and obtain energy and nutrients from diverse sources

68
Q

Where is the DNA found in prokaryotes

A

In the region called a NUCLEOID arranged in many loops

69
Q

How do prokaryotes maintain shape

A

Have a cell wall around plasma membrane

70
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Bacteria cell wall subunits
Polymer of sugars amino acids

71
Q

Flagella

A

Structures that allow bacteria and other PROKARYOTIC cells move

72
Q

Which single cells contain plasmids

A

Bacteria and Archaea

73
Q

Plasmid

A

Much smaller circular molecules of DNA, that carry just a few genes
Advantage having genes and rapidly spread through bacteria population

74
Q

Pili

A

Extend from one cell to another when they transfer plasmids

75
Q

How are plasmids transfered

A

through the use of pili

76
Q

Which primitive cell is there more of

A

Prokaryotes outnumber Eukaryotes

77
Q

Bacteria and Archaea are

A

Single-celled prokaryotes that are very metabolically diverse.
More closely related to each other than to Eukaryotes
Differ in structure of cell wall, how to synthesize RNA from DNA

78
Q

Eukarya

A

3rd Domain of life
Include animals plants and fungi, and protists

79
Q

Protists

A

Single celled eukaryotic organisms

80
Q

How is DNA organized in Eukaryotes

A

as MULTIPLE LINEAR CHAINS within the nucleus

81
Q

Why is the nuclear membrane important

A

Allows for more complex REGULATION of gene expression than in prokaryotes

82
Q

DNA directs the process of

A

RNA synthesis

83
Q

RNA directs

A

Protein synthesis

84
Q

Protein synthesis in prokaryotes

A

RNA and Protein synthesis occur immediately one after another

85
Q

What do the many membranes in Eukaryotes define

A

Organelles compartments

86
Q

Organelles

A

Small specialized specs for different functions

87
Q

Cytosol

A

Jelly-like material outside of the nucleus and organelles

88
Q

Cilia

A

Rod-like structures that extend from EUKARYOTIC CELLS
In single celled eukaryotes

89
Q

2 types of cilia

A

NONmotile (most common) and Motile cilia

90
Q

Motile Cilia

A

Moves and propel movement of cells or fluids surrounding the cells

91
Q

Non-motile cilia

A

Most common
Serve as a sensory function, taking in environmental signals and convey them into the cell interior
Found in nose and eyes

92
Q

Cilia are found in

A

Single celled Eukaryotes
Algae and protists and propel them through water

93
Q

Long cilia are found in

A

Sperm cells and upper airways of mammals where they beat mucus and debris out of the lungs

AP Bio (13 decks)

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