Module 12 Flashcards
Origin of compartmentalization and the eukaryotic cell
Backbone of all marcomolcules
carbon
What are prokaryotic cells diverse in
Metabolism
Endoplasmic Reticulum
One of the sites of protein synthesis
Golgi Apparatus
process and sorts proteins and lipids
Lysosomes
break down and recycle proteins, and other macromolecules
Mitocondira
harness energy from carbohydrates and other molecules
What is the mechanism that maintains spatial order in the cytoplasm of a prokaryote
Cell walls that support the cell from the outside
and a framework of proteins within the cytoplasm
What do eukaryotes rely on to maintain spatial order in their cytoplasam
Depend of internal scaffolding of proteins and the cytoskeleton to organize the cell
Special quality of cytoskeleton
It can be remolded quickly, enabling cells to change shape
What enables cells to function as it changes shape
Dynamic cytoskeletons and membranes
Endomembrane system
nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, and cell membrane
Endoplasmic recticulum
An assembly of membranes that runs through the cytoplasm
Are all membranes of the endomembrane system connected?
Yes, through membrane-bound vesicles or directly
Dynamic continunity
membranes are interchangeable where material originally added in the endoplasmic reticulum may be transferred to another part of the endomembrane system by the movement of vesicles
STABLE membranes within the eukaryotic cell
Mitochondria and chloroplast
Mitochondria
site of cellular repiration
Chloroplast
site of photosynthesis
Why must the mitochondria and chloroplast be stable
Both of their inner and thylakoid membranes include membrane-embedded proteins that require a stable environment to function
amoebas
eukaryotic
What do dynamic cytoskeletons and membranes allow for in eukaryotes
movements and endocytosis
phagocytosis
eukaryotic cells surround food particles and package them in vesicles, budding off membrane
Examples of prokaryotic cells
bacteria and archaea
How do prokaryotic cells take in particles
Passive and active transport
what is diverse about prokaryotic cells
how they metabolize molecules to obtain carbon and energy
what is diverse about prokaryotic cells
how they take in molecules and foods
Symbiosis
closely envolved association between two species
Symbiont
an organism that lives in closely envolved association with another species.
Endosymbiosis
Symbiosis where one partner lives inside the other
Symbiosis theory of chlorplasts
symbiotic cyanobacteria became permanently incorporated into their host
What is the double membrane
The inner member is the cyanobacteria membrane and the outer membrane is park of the engulfing cell’s membrane system
Where did the mitochondria come from
proteobacteria
Bacteria metabolize chemicals that are toxic to a cell that they cover
symbiotic relationship
Properties of eukaryotic-bacterial symbiosis
The bacteria will feed and protect the eukaryotic cell, allowing them to live under limiting conditions
-anaerobic, toxic, ex.
Symbiotic algae
provides carbohydrates from their photsynthesis
Corals help to algae in their symbiotic relationship
provides environment and some molecules needed for photosynthesis
What is theorized to be more closely related to eukaryotes
Archaea
