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AP Bio > Module 34 > Flashcards

Module 34 Flashcards

Translation

1
Q

Translation

A

The process where a molecule of mRNA is used to guide the synthesis of a protein

Built by specialized molecular structures within the cell

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2
Q

What reads the mRNA

A

ribosomes and tRNA

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3
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis
Organize the process of translation
-Catalyze the reaction that joins amino acids together
-Translate proper reading frames
-Holds in place the various components required for translation

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4
Q

What makes up ribosomes

A

rRNA and protein

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5
Q

Ribosome structure

A

1 large and 1 small subunit

Subunits are made from 1-3 types of rRNA and 20-50 types of ribosomal proteins

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6
Q

Reading Frames

A

Different ways/combinations of parsing letters into words

XWTHEBIGBOY

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7
Q

Codons

A

In mRNA, Codes for a single amino acid in the polypeptide chain

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8
Q

tRNA

A

Translate each codon into an amino acid
-acts as a bridge from the mRNA to the protein sequence

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9
Q

What does each end of tRNA do

A

one end binds to the mRNA strand (anticodon segment) and the other attaches to an amino acid (sequence that binds to a specific amino acid)

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10
Q

Anticodon

A

three bases at the bottom of the tRNA molecule that undergo base pairing with the corresponding codon in the mRNA

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11
Q

Why does the first base of the mRNA codon pair with the last base on the anticodon

A

first= 5’
last = 3’
They are antiparallel

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12
Q

How are amino acids attached to tRNA

A

By enzymes called Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases

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13
Q

How many Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases do u have if there are 20 different amino acids being coded

A

20

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14
Q

Genetic Code

A

Relationship between the three nucleotides (codon) and its specific amino acid in a protein

61 codons that correspond to 20 amino acids

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15
Q

Why is the genetic code “redundent”

A

Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid

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16
Q

Initiation Codon

A

The codon where translation begins

AUG –> (Met/ methionine) amino acid

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17
Q

In what direction are polypeptides synthesized in

A

Amino end to the carboxyl end

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18
Q

What end does methionine form

A

the amino end any polypeptide being synthesized

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19
Q

Stop Codons

A

Signal where translation terminates and the protein is released

-UAA, UAG, UGA

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20
Q

Nicknames for stop codons

A

Nonsense codons or termination codons

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21
Q

Codon evidence for a common ancestor

A

Genetic code is nearly universal

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22
Q

Three processes of translation

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
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23
Q

Translation Initiation

A

The initiator codon, AUG, is recognized and the Met amino acid is established in the new polypeptide chain

24
Q

Translation Elongation

A

Successive amino acids are added to the growing chain, one by one

25
Q

Translation Termination

A

The addition of amino acids stops and the completed polypeptide chain is released from the ribosome

26
Q

What does the position of the AUG establish

A

The translation reading frame

27
Q

The initiation complex

A

Protein initiation factors bind to the mRNA, the tRNA w/ the met, and the small ribosome unit

Moves along mRNA until it reaches the UG codon

28
Q

When does the large ribosomal unit join the initiation complex

A

When the AUG codon is encountered by the initiation complex

29
Q

What happens when the large ribosomal unit joins the initiation complex

A

The initiation factors are released, and the next tRNA is ready to join the ribosome

30
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

H2O is a product
Builds products

31
Q

Hydrolysis

A

H2O is a reactant
Breaks down reactants

32
Q

What binds amino acids together and how does this bond form

A

Peptide bonds are formed
Dehydration synthesis forms these bonds

33
Q

What catalyzes the dehydration synthesis between amino acids

A

An RNA molecule within the large RNA subunit

34
Q

When is the OG tRNA released from the ribosome

A

When the ribosome shifts one codon to the right

35
Q

What creates new site for the next tRNA to come into place

A

When the ribosome shifts one codon to the right

36
Q

What steps are repeated during elongation

A

New tRNA binds to the ribosome
A peptide bond forms between the amino acids
The tRNA is released from the ribosome through a shift

37
Q

How does the ribosome bind to tRNA during each step of elongation

A

The tRNA anticodon base pairs to the mRNA codon

38
Q

What kind of end of the polypeptide chain does the newest amino acid become

A

The new carboxyl end of the polypeptide chain

39
Q

Where and on what end of elongation factors bond to on the mRNA

A

Bond to GTP molecules that serve as a cap on the 5’ end of the mRNA molecule

40
Q

What parts of elongation require energy

A

The movement of the ribosome along the mRNA molecules
The formation of the peptide bond between amino acids

41
Q

Where does the energy for the steps in elongation come from

A

Elongation factors (proteins)

They break high-energy bonds

42
Q

When does initiation begin

A

When the initiation factors are bond to the small ribosomal subunit, the tRNA carrying the Met, and the mRNA

43
Q

What happens when the stop codon is reached

A

Polypeptide synthesis stops
A protein release factor is released and binds to the ribosome

44
Q

What does the protein release factor do when it attaches to the ribosome

A

It causes the bond connecting the polypeptide to the tRNA to break
Creates the carboxyl terminus of the polypeptide + completes the chain

45
Q

What creates the carboxyl terminus of the polypeptide during termination

A

When the protein release factor binds to the ribosome

46
Q

When does the release factor bind to the ribosome

A

When the termination codon is encountered

47
Q

Where is the initiation complex formed in eukaryotes

A

At the GTP cap, which is released once it reaches the AUG codon

48
Q

Do prokaryotes have GTP caps

A

No

49
Q

Where are the initiation complex found in prokaryotes

A

They are formed at one or more than one INTERNAL SEQUENCE that is then followed by AUG

50
Q

How many polypeptides can be made by a mRNA strand in a eukaryote

A

Only one

51
Q

How many prokaryotes can be synthesized by on mRNA strand in a prokaryote

A

Multiple

52
Q

Why can prokaryotes form multiple polypeptides from one mRNA strand

A

They have no GTP caps
Their ability to initiate translation internally
It is an OPERON

53
Q

Operon

A

Gene organization in which a group of genes are located in a row along DNA and are transcribed as a single unit from one promoter

54
Q

Pros of operons

A

Allows all the protein products to be expressed together whenever they are needed
-such as for the successive steps of the synthesis of smaller molecules, such as amino acids

55
Q
A

AP Bio (17 decks)

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