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AP Bio > Module 10 > Flashcards

Module 10 Flashcards

Membrane Transport

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What part of the bilayer is hydrophobic

A

interior

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2
Q

Hydrophilic part of bilayer

A

exterior

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3
Q

Cholersterol

A

Lipid
Thicker and impenetrable, but softer

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4
Q

What makes the membrane semipermeable

A

structure and mic of proteins and lipids included

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5
Q

How is membrane fluidity influenced

A

Types of lipids

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6
Q

Why is membrane fluidity important
for what system?

A

Allows membranes to break and reform for the movement of substance through the endomembrane system

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7
Q

What is the cell membrane a selective barrier to what

A

, polar, charged, and large molecules

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8
Q

Why can them membrane act as selective

A

combo of lipids and protiens

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9
Q

Interior of the bilayer prevents what from entering the cell

A

hydrophobic nonpolar
Charged ions and polar molecules

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10
Q

Large molecules

A

polysaccharides, proteins

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11
Q

Small gasses

A

o2, co2, n2

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12
Q

Transport proteins can facilitate movement of

A

water, ions, and nutrients

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13
Q

How do chemical reactions occur

A

as a result of interactions between molecules and cannot occur unless they bump into eachother

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14
Q

Concentration gradient

A

There are areas of higher and lower concentration

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15
Q

Diffusion’s net movement

A

area of high to low concentration

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16
Q

diffusion is a result of

A

random movement of molecules

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17
Q

Dynamic equalibrium

A

movement of molecules in both directions continues

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18
Q

Passive transport

A

Molecules move across the membrane by diffusion, as a result of concentration difference between the inside and outside the cell

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19
Q

What hydrophobic molecules can diffuse into the cell
why

A

steroids, lipids
the lippid bilayer is also hydrophobic

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20
Q

Transport protien

A

Transmembrane protein that spans the cell membrane and provides a route for substance to enter and exit the cell

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21
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

diffusion across a cell through a transport protein
high to low concentration

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22
Q

Channel protein

A

Type of transport protein
Provides opening between the inside and outside of the cell where certain molecules can pass, depending on shape and charge

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23
Q

Gated channel protiens

A

open in response to some sort of signal; chemical or electrical

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24
Q

Carrier Protein

A

Binds to and then transports specific molecules across the cell membrane

When binding happens, shape changes to allow molecule to move across the bilayer

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25
Q

Aquaporins

A

Water channels that allow water to enter and exit cell by FACILITATED DIFFUSION

26
Q

REsult of ions moving across membrane

A

cell can have different amount of electrical charge than the outside

27
Q

Membrane Potiental

A

CHARGE DIFFERENCES between the inside and outside of a cell due to differences in charged ions
Electrical signals

28
Q

Membrane potential cause

A

Movement of ions across cell

29
Q

Active transport

A

Requires an input of cellular energy

30
Q

Primary active transport

A

Cell uses ATP directly
Break down of Adenosine triphosphate

31
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Uses ATP indirectly to move molecules across the membrane

32
Q

What do transport proteins do with energy

A

Use it to change shape and pumps molecules

33
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

A transmembrane protein that actively moves sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions in
Uses energy from ATP bonds
AGAINST concentration gradients

34
Q

Antiporters

A

One molecule moves into the cell, while another one moves out of the cell

35
Q

Symporters

A

One transport protein that moves two molecules in the SAME direction

36
Q

How do concentrations of ions build up on one side of the cell

A

Transport proteins pump ions into the cells

37
Q

Concentration gradients in 2ndary transport

A

Stores energy that can be harnessed to drive the movement of other molecules across the membrane, against their concentration gradient.

38
Q

Molecules the flow from areas of higher to lower concentration happen when

A

As ions move from areas of higher to lower concentration
2ndary transport

39
Q

Movement of molecules is driven by the movement of ions, not atp directly

A

2ndary active transport

40
Q

What drive secondary active transport

A

The energy stored in an electrochemical gradient

41
Q

Proton pumps through active transport can cause what

A

The concentration of protons to build up on one side of the cell membrane.

A CONCENTRATION gradient

42
Q

Concentration gradient movememnt

A

Favors movement of protons back to the other side

43
Q

What blocks the movement of protons back to the otherside after primary transport
What does this cause

A

The lipid bilayer blocks movement
It stores the energy

44
Q

Electrotrical Graident

A

Difference in charge of a membrane
Ions move from areas of like to unlike charge
Protons –> MORE NEGATIVE side

As protons move out, other molecules are pushed into the cell, 2ndary transport

45
Q

Electrical chemical gradient

A

A gradient that has both a chemical and charge component

46
Q

Why can transport proteins use the movement of protons down their gradient to drive the movement of other molecules against their concentration gradient

A

The electrochemical gradient` moves protons back.

47
Q

Where do molecules end up with diffusion

A

The cytoplasam of the cell

48
Q

Vessicles

A

Small spherical organelles that trabel between organelles of the ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM in eukaryotic cells

49
Q

Where are contents released during endocytosis

A

outside the cell

50
Q

exotysis

A

Where vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents to the EXTRACELLULAR SPACE

51
Q

what does exocytosis depend on

A

fluid and dynamic nature of the cell membrane
vesicles fuse with membrane

52
Q

Exocytosis and waste

A

remove cytoplasmic waste, packed into vesicles and fused with the cell membrane, releasing waste outside the cell.

53
Q

Exocytosis and neurotransmitters

A

neurotransmitters are packaged into vesicles by nerve cells, and released by exocytosis, travel through extracellular space, where they bind to receptors on surface of an adjacent nerve.

54
Q

Exocytosis and protiens

A

Deliver proteins, embedded on rough endoplasmic reticulum as they are synthesized
Vesicles carry proteins that were associated with the membrane , and fuse them with surrounding membranes

55
Q

Endocytosis

A

Vesicle buds off from the cell membrane towards towards the cell interior or INVAGINATES, enclosing materials from outside the cell, into the cell

56
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cells ingest large particles, microorganisms, and dead cells.

57
Q

What part of the cell digests waste

A

lysosomes

58
Q

Where do materials end up through endo and exocytosis

A

In and out of vessicels

59
Q

Where do things end up in active and passive transport

A

in the cytosol of the cytoplasm

60
Q

Where does endo and exocytosis uniquely occur in

A

Eukaryotes

61
Q

Why is a dynamic cytoskeleton needed for in tranportation

A

Shuttle vesicles around the interior of the cell, directing their movement in endocytosis.

62
Q

Consequence of accelerated pace of transportation

A

Eukaryotic cells are much larger.

AP Bio (13 decks)

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