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AP Bio > Module 4/5 > Flashcards

Module 4/5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA and RNA

A

are both assembled from nucleotide subunits
-5-carbon sugar
-phosphate group
-nitrogen base

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2
Q

What forms the sugar phosphate backbone is DNA and RNA

A

Each nucleotide monomer is connected by covalent bonds forming the sugar- phosphate backbone

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3
Q

Each linear strand of nucleotides has a ___ and ____ backbone

A

5’ and 3’ backbone

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4
Q

DNA contains

A

deoxyribose sugar
H-

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5
Q

RNA contains

A

ribose sugar
OH-

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6
Q

Which nitrogen bases are in BOTH DNA and RNA

A

Cytosine, Guanine, and Adenine

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7
Q

Which nitrogen base is found in DNA

A

Thymine

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8
Q

Which nitrogen base is found in RNA

A

Uracil

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9
Q

the three dimensional structure of proteins determines its

A

functional properties and enables the protein to carry out its job in the cell

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10
Q

What does DNA do

A

Store genetic information, encoded into its sequence of subunits
Encodes proteins that give structure and do work
Transmit genetic info

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11
Q

Polymers of nucleotides

A

Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA

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12
Q

Nitrogen Base

A

A cyclic molecule that contains NITROGEN, CARBON, HYDROGEN, AND OXYGEN.

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13
Q

Purines

A

double-ringed structure

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14
Q

Which nitrogen bases are Purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

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15
Q

Pyrimidines

A

single-ringed structure

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16
Q

Which N-bases are pyrimidines

A

Thymine and Cytosine

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17
Q

5-Carbon sugar in DNA

A

Attached to the N-base
Deoxyribose

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18
Q

in DNA deoxyribose 2’

A

has a H-atom

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19
Q

in DNA deoxyribose 3’

A

has an hydroxyl group, OH-

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20
Q

Phosphate group make up

A

Consists of a central P atom, covalently bonded to four OXYGEN atoms

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21
Q

Phosphate group characteristics

A

Functional group
-polar
-negatively charged

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22
Q

Which C atom is the phosphate group attached to in DNA/RNA

A

the 5’ carbon
Phosphate group will have a NEGATIVE charge on 2 of its oxygen atoms

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23
Q

Why is DNA a mild ACID

A

DNA’s cellular pH is around 7
The free HYDROXYL GROUP attaches to the phosphorus atoms, and is IONIZED by the LOST OF A PROTON

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24
Q

What are monosaccharides joined by

A

Glycosidic Bonds

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25
Q

What are amino acids joined by

A

Peptide bonds

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26
Q

What are nucleotides joined by

A

Phosphodiester bonds
-can withstand heat, and pH changes that would break weaker bonds

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27
Q

Where is the phosphodiester bond in nucleotides

A

Vertical lines that connect the 3’ carbon of one nucleotide to the 5’ carbon of the next

C-O-P-O-C linkage is a A SERIES of covalent bonds, collectively known as a phosphodiester bond

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28
Q

What traces the backbone of a DNA strand

A

Phosphodiester bonds
Each sugar links to the phosphate group of the neighboring nucleotide by phosphodiester bonds

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29
Q

What gives DNA strand their directionality

A

The phosphodiester linkages in the DNA strand

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30
Q

What is directionality

A

Polarity
One side differs from the other

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31
Q

5’ end

A

Free 5’ phophaate

32
Q

3’ end

A

Free 3’ hydroxyl

33
Q

Why do we need to specify which end is which?

A

the directionality of DNA strands

34
Q

Polymerize

A

Can grow

35
Q

When are phosphodiester bonds formed

DNA SYNTHESIS

A

when a nucleotide with three phosphate groups (nucleotide triphosphate) joins a growing chain

A NUCLEOTIDE TRIPHOSPHATE REACTS WITH AN EXISTING DNA MOLECULE TO extend the molecule by adding new nucleotides

36
Q

what is a nucleotide triphosphate

A

A nucleotide with three phosphate groups

37
Q

Directionality of a nucleotide triphosphate added to the 3’, OH of DNA

A

5’ –> 3’
5’ to 3’ direction

38
Q

What happens to the three phosphate groups of the incoming nucleotide triphosphates during DNA synthesis

A

Only 1 of the phosphate groups is used to make the sugar-phosphate BACKBONE

The other 2 phosphate groups are RELEASED or attached to each other and abbreviated PP (subscript i)

39
Q

What gives nucleotides their chemical identity

A

The N-bases attached to the sugars

40
Q

Antiparallel

A

DNA strands run opposite of eachother

41
Q

Base pair characteristics

A

Each base pair has one PURINE and one PYRIMIDINE

Maintains the structure of the double helix and preserves the backbones along the length of the molecule

42
Q

Base pairs

A

A and T
G and C

43
Q

Complementary bases

A

Base pairs are complementary
The paired strands in a double-helix have different base sequences

44
Q

Which base pairs are stronger in RNA than in RNA

A

A and T only form 2 H-bonds
G and C form 3 H-bonds

45
Q

Why is RNA less stable than DNA

A

The ribose sugar has a hydroxyl group on its 2’ carbon
These groups are highly reactive functional groups

In DNA 2’ has a H+

46
Q

Which base is different in RNA

A

Uracil replaces Thymine

47
Q

RNA base pairs

A

A-U
G-C

48
Q

Function of RNA

A

RNA acts as an INTERMEDIATE between DNA and proteins during PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

49
Q

Function of DNA

A

specifies the sequence of amino acid subunits, which composes proteins, which will determine the structure and function of the protein
DNA must act through RNA

50
Q

Central Dogam

A

The flow of information from DNA and RNA to protein

51
Q

Protien

A

Preform cell work, provide structure

52
Q

Protein subunits

A

Amino Acids

53
Q

Ovalbumin

A

predominant egg white protein
A protein polymer consisting of thousands of bonded amino acids

54
Q

Amino Acid Structure

A
  1. Amino Group
  2. Carboxyl group
  3. H-atom
  4. R-group/ side chain
55
Q

Amino group

A

HN

56
Q

Carboxyl Group

A

COOH

57
Q

Hydrophobic Amino Acids

A

R groups aggregate with each other
Tend to be buried in interior of folded protein

58
Q

Hydrophilic amino acids

A

Found on surface of protein

59
Q

Glycine

A

R group is an H-atom
Increases flexibility of backbone

60
Q

Proline

A

C- chain attached to amino group
Introduces kink to protein

61
Q

Crysteine

A

Can form DISULFIDE which can connect different parts of the same protein

62
Q

Dehydration synthesis reaction

A

Monomers are linked by covalent bonds
H2O becomes a byproduct

63
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

BREAK THE COVALENT bonds by ADDING water across the bond

Gains H+ and OH- group in the products

64
Q

Peptide Bonds Link

A

Amino Acids to form proteins

65
Q

Formation of a peptide bond is an example of

A

A dehydration synthesis. Creates bonds, while losing a water molecule

66
Q

Peptide Bonds

A

The covalent linkage between the CARBON atom of the CARBOXYL group of one amino acid joined to the NITROGEN in the AMINO group of the next.

67
Q

N terminus

A

amino end

68
Q

C terminus

A

Carboxyl end

69
Q

Peptide

A

A short polymer of amino acids

70
Q

Poly Peptides

A

A long polymer of amino acids

71
Q

Protein

A

a polypeptide folded into a stable 3D conformation

72
Q

Primary sequence

A

Sequence of amino acids in a protein - will determind how the protein folds

73
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Formed by interactions between stretches of amino acids in a protein

74
Q

The 2 types of secondary structures of a protein

A

Alpha helix and Beta sheet

75
Q

Tertiary structure

A

The 3D shape

76
Q

Denatured

A

ProteIns can be unfolded by CHEMICAL TREATMENTS or HIGH TEMPERATURES

Proteins lose their activity

77
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Proteins composed of 2 or more polypeptide chains or subunits
Combinations of various tertiary structures.

AP Bio (11 decks)

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