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AP Bio > Module 33 > Flashcards

Module 33 Flashcards

Transcription and RNA Processing

1
Q

Purpose of DNA Replication

A

Allows genetic information to be transmitted from cell to cell AND generation to generation

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2
Q

How is information transmitted from DNA

A

When the double helix separates and each parental strand serves as a template.

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3
Q

Central Dogma of molecular biology

A

The flow from DNA to RNA to proteins.

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4
Q

Transcription

A

1st step of gene expression
When RNA is synthesized from a DNA template

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5
Q

Where are proteins synthesized

A

On ribosomes

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6
Q

Where are ribosomes located

A

in the cytoplasm

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7
Q

Template Strand

A

The DNA strand that is used as the model for the synthesis of an RNA transcript

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8
Q

RNA polymerase

A

The enzyme that synthesizes new RNA molecules from DNA

It does so at the 3’ end of the RNA strand

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9
Q

Why does RNA need its own synthesis enzyme

A

Since RNA contains Uracil instead of Thymine

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10
Q

Growing Transcript

A

The 3’ end of the newly synthesized RNA molecule

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11
Q

Describe the RNA trancript

A

The reverse complement of the template strand

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12
Q

What causes RNA to be the reverse complement of its template

A

RNA grows in the opposite direction that DNA is read in (antiparallel)

The base paring rules= complementary strands

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13
Q

Nontemplate Strand

A

The DNA strand that is not used as the template for transcription

The same as the new RNA strand
-Same bases and direction
- Also a reverse complement of the template strand

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14
Q

Which strand can also be called the minus, antisense or noncoding strand

A

the template strand

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15
Q

Three stages of transcription

A
  1. initiation
  2. elongation
  3. termination
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16
Q

Initiation stage

A

RNA polymerase and other proteins bind to the double-stranded DNA, the strands separate, and the transcription of the template strand begins

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17
Q

Elongation Stage

A

Successive nucleotides are added in the 3’ direction of the growing RNA transcript as the RNA polymerase proceeds along the template strand

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18
Q

Termination

A

RNA polymerase encounters a sequence in the template strand that will cause the transcription to stop and the RNA transcript to be released.

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19
Q

Promoter

A

regions of a few hundred base pairs on the DNA molecule where RNA polymerase and other proteins bind to start transcription

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20
Q

Terminator

A

Sequence on DNA strand where transcription stops

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21
Q

How man DNA strands are transcribed per gene

A

Only one DNA strand is transcribed per gene

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22
Q

Do all genes come from the same template strand

A

No. Different strands can be used to transcribe different genes

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23
Q

What are other names for the non-template strand

A

Coding, sense and plus strand

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24
Q

In what type of cells can transcription occur at all times

A

House keeping genes

25
Q

Why can transcription occur at all times for housekeeping genes

A

Since their products are needed at all times in all cells.

26
Q

How is transcription regulated

A

It depends on whether the RNA polymerase and associated proteins are able to bind with the PROMOTER

27
Q

What direction is RNA synthesized in

A

5’ to 3’ end

28
Q

In what direction does RNA polymerase move along the DNA strand

A

3’ to 5’

29
Q

RNA polymerization

A

Another name for RNA synthesis

30
Q

Does RNA proof read

A

No.

31
Q

RNA polymerase purposes
5

A
  1. Separates DNA strands from each other
  2. Forms RNA-DNA molecule
  3. Elongates transcript
  4. Releases the transcript
  5. Stores OG DNA double helix
32
Q

Bond connecting one phosphate t the next

A

Phosphate bond

33
Q

Phosphodiester Bond

A

Attaches the 3’ end of the growing chain to the income nucleotide

Forms the sugar-phosphate backbone

3’ -OH to the 5’ carbon of the nucleotide

34
Q

Primary Transcript

A

The RNA transcript that comes off the template DNA strand

35
Q

Messenger RNA
(mature) mRNA

A

The RNA molecule that combines with the ribosome to direct protein synthesis

Carries the genetic “message” from DNA to ribosome

36
Q

RNA Processing

A

When the primary transcript undergoes a series of chemical modifications that convert it into mRNA

37
Q

What kind of RNA is transcribed from DNA in prokaryotes

A

mRNA

38
Q

In which type of cell does RNA processing not occur

A

Prokaryotic cells

39
Q

From what end do ribosomes synthesis proteins

A

the 5’ end of mRNA

40
Q

Why does transcription and translation occur at the same place and time in prokaryotes

A

They do not have a nucleus to separate the DNA from the cytoplasm

41
Q

When does the primary transcript become mRNA in eukaryotes

A

Before exiting the nucleus

42
Q

What other feature does prokaryotic RNA have that DNA doesn’t

A

They can often have the genetic info for more than one different protein

43
Q

GTP Cap

A

A modified nucleotide (7-methylguanosine) attaches to the 5’ end of the primary transcript

The 5’ carbon links with the 5’ carbon of the two nucleotides
-Added with an enzyme
-Instead of a phosphodiester bond

44
Q

Purpose of the GTP Cap and when is it added

A

Added during RNA processing
Allows the ribosome to recognize the mRNA

45
Q

Why is RNA susceptible to enzymes that break them down

A

Their single-stranded structure

46
Q

Poly(A) tails purpose

A

Help export the mRNA into the cytoplasam

47
Q

Poly(A) tail

A

250 consecutive adenine nucleotides added to the 3’ end of the transcript

48
Q

Exons

A

Regions of the transcript expressed as proteins

49
Q

Introns

A

Regions of the transcript not expressed as proteins and are REMOVED from the primary transcript

50
Q

When are introns remvoed

A

during RNA processing

51
Q

What is it called when exons are stitched together and introns are removed

A

RNA splicing

52
Q

Purpose of introns

A

Alternative splicing

53
Q

Alternative Splicing

A

Primary transcripts from the SAME GENE are spliced in different ways to produce different mRNA’s and, therefore, DIFFERENT/MULTIPLE PROTEINS products

Allows the same transcript to be processed in diverse ways to produce mRNA molecules with different combos of exons, encoding different proteins

54
Q

Ribosome RNA
(rRNA)

A

Noncoding RNA
It makes up most of the ribosomes and is essential for translation

55
Q

Nucleolus

A

dense, non-membrane-bound spherical structure within the nucleus

56
Q

Houses the genes and transcripts for rRNA

A

nucleolus

57
Q

Transfer RNA
(tRNA)

A

Carries individual Amino Acids for use in translation

58
Q

Most abundant types of RNA molecules in mammals w/ percents

A

rRNA (80%) of RNA
tRNA (10%) of RNA

AP Bio (17 decks)

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