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AP Bio > Module 20 > Flashcards

Module 20 Flashcards

Cell commuication and cell cycle

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Population

A

All the individuals of a given species that live and reproduce in a particular geographic area

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2
Q

Steps of communication

A

A stimulus
The release of the signal
The reception of the signal
Response

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3
Q

What does the signalling cell do

A

Receives and responds to a STIMULUS

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4
Q

How do signalling cells respond to stimulus

A

By making and releasing signalling molecules

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5
Q

Signalling Molecules

A

chemicals released by cells that alter the activity of other cells
AKA Ligands

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6
Q

Receptor Protiens

A

Proteins on a cells surface or in a cell’s interior that bind specific signalling molecules

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7
Q

The Target Cell

A

The cell that receives the signal released by a signal cell

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8
Q

Ligands

A

Signalling Molecules; chemicals released by cells that alter the activities of other cells

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9
Q

Ligand-receptor interaction

A

The signalling molecule must be specifically matched or must complement the receptor protein

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10
Q

What is the purpose of ligand-receptor interactions

A

To make sure that a signal is received ONLY by the appropriate cell

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11
Q

What kind of bond hold ligand-receptor interactions

A

Weak, noncovalent bonds

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12
Q

Quorum sensing

A

Communication among bacteria that leads to a response ONLY when there are a HIGH number of bacteria present in a given area

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13
Q

Why must there be high population density in order for Quorum sensing to work

A

It turns on a communication pathway
At low population density there is very little signal in the environment, so they are unlikely to bind to bacteria’s protein receptors

At high population density, more signal molecules are released and are able to bind to protein receptors.

Bacteria then respond by synthesizing chemicals like bioluminescence

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14
Q

All target cells respond the same

A

False, for example target cells triggered by adrenaline increases heart rate , increasing the amount of oxygen delivered throughout the body. when target cells in the lung receives the signal molecule, the lungs cells relax

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15
Q

Identify the four steps of cell communication in the fight or flight

A

Stimulus: being startled
Signalling Cells produce signalling molecules: adrenal glands and adrenaline
Molecule binds to receptor: Receptor proteins on the heart and lungs
Response: increased heart rate and relaxed lung cells

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16
Q

What determines what a target cell is

A

The corresponding receptor protien

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17
Q

Hormone

A

A type of signaling molecule that travels in the CIRCULATORY system and effects DISTANT cells

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18
Q

Endocrine Signalling

A

Signalling by hormones that travel through the circulatory system

19
Q

Paracrine Signalling

A

Signalling molecules move by diffusion over a short distance

20
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement from an area of high to low consentration

21
Q

Growth Factor

A

Causes cells to grow, divide and differentiate
Often in embryos

22
Q

Autocrine Signalling

A

The signalling cell and target cell are the same

23
Q

What kind of communication is Quorum sensing

A

Autocrine signaling

24
Q

Contact-dependent signalling

A

Requires the two communicating cells to be in physical contact with each other

25
Q

Describe one way contact-dependent signaling works with transmembrane proteins

A

A transmembrane protein acts as a signaling molecule on one cell and a transmembrane protein acts as a receptor protein on another

26
Q

Which type of cell communication does not not a receptor protein

A

Contact-dependent signaling that uses passage or channels to connect the interior of adjacent cells

27
Q

How do animal cells communicate with adjacent cells through passages

A

They use GAP JUNCTIONS to send signals to one another

28
Q

What are gap junctions

A

transmembrane protein between two neighboring cells

29
Q

What do plant cells have that animal cells dont

A

Cell wall

30
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

The way that plant cells use contact-dependent signalling

Openings that cross through the membranes and the cell walls of two plant cells

31
Q

Similarities between gap junctions and plasmodesmata

A

allow cells to exchange IONS and SIGNALLING MOLECULES

32
Q

How are plasmodesmata different from gap junctions

A

The cell membranes of the connect cells are CONTINUOUS

The size of the openings is LARGER

33
Q

Parts of the feedback loop in homeostasis

A
  1. Stimulus, or a difference in the set point
  2. Sensor
  3. Effector
  4. Response
34
Q

Sensor

A

Detects stimulus and sends signals to the effector

Sense the cool air (the stimulus) or when conditions have moved away from a particular level

35
Q

Set Point

A

Particular level set for conditions, that if changed becomes a stimulus

36
Q

Effector

A

Restores a normal condition following the disturbance of those conditions

Initiates response
The heater would be the effector

37
Q

Reponse

A

Brings system back to a SET POINT
A heaters response would be to heat the air in the room

38
Q

Negative Feedback

A

A stimulus that acts on a sensor that signals to the effector
The effector will produce a RESPONSE THAT OPPOSES the initial STIMULUS, and TURNS OFF THE SIGNAL

DECREASES THE ACTIVITY OF A SYSTEM

39
Q

Positive Feedback

A

Output or response of a system INCREASES THE ACTIVITY OF THE SYSTEM

40
Q

What does negative feedback maintain

A

It maintains the set point

41
Q

What does positive feedback maintain

A

It maintains the activity of the system, reinforcing it

MOVES AWAY FROM THE SET POINT

42
Q

Example of positive feedback in childbirth

A

Signalling molecules contract the uterus causing the release of more signals and more contractions

43
Q

Thermoregulation

A

The ability to maintain a constant body temperature

44
Q

What kind of feedback does homeostasis rely on

A

Negative Feedback

AP Bio (13 decks)

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