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AP Bio > Module 19 > Flashcards

Module 19 Flashcards

Metabolism, the Environment, and Evolutionary Fitness

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell Work

A

moving ,dividing, and transporting substances in and out

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2
Q

Fitness

A

the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

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3
Q

What do the laws of thermodynamics describe

A

How energy behaves in a system
How energy is TRANSFORMED

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4
Q

What is photosynthesis and where is energy stored

A

Light energy converted to chemical energy
Energy is stored within the bonds of carbohydrates

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5
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

Energy-rich bonds within carbohydrates are broken, and pack released energy into ATP molecules to do cell work

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6
Q

Molten

A

Earth had no rocks nor evidence of life

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7
Q

Stromatolites

A

Layered sedimentary structures produced by microbial communities on shallow sea floors and lake bottoms

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8
Q

Earliest forms of life

A

prokaryotic; unicellular organisms with no nucleus

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9
Q

How did our earliest life forms evolve

A

Prokaryotes evolved multiple metabolic pathways

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10
Q

What kind of the pathways did our earliest life forms use and why

A

Probably a fermentation pathway to generate ATP energy, because our early atmosphere contained little to no oxygen gas

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11
Q

What happened during fermentation

A

Glucose is only partially oxidized , so only some of the energy held within its chemical bonds is transferred to ATP

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12
Q

Why do we know that fermentation was the process held within our early organisms

A

It is anaerobic and because nearly all organisms are capable of partially breaking down glucose, telling that this pathway evolved very early in history and maintained.

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13
Q

What carbohydrate is commonly used to store energy

A

glucose

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14
Q

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

A

When oxygen is the final electron acceptor of the respiratory electron chain

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15
Q

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

A

When any other molecule, such as sulfate or nitrate, is the final electron acceptor of the respiratory electron chain

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16
Q

Where is the electron transport chain located

A

In the cell membrane

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17
Q

When did anaerobic cellular respiration likely evolve

A

After fermentation, to harness ADDITIONAL ENERGY from glucose in the absence of oxygen

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18
Q

Why did protein pumps likely evolve

A

To maintain a neutral pH in early prokaryotes, since the earth’s environment was likely acidic

They pumped out H+ ions/ protons out of the cell

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19
Q

How do protein pumps get energy

A

From ATP directly or from electron transport, just like in photosynthesis and respiratory transport chains today

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20
Q

What pathways use the electron transport chain

A

Fermentation, and cellular respiration

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21
Q

Which bacteria evolved the ability to carry out a form of photosynthesis that produces oxygen

A

cyanobacteria

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22
Q

Type of photosynthesis that produces oxygen

A

oxygenic photosynthesis

23
Q

Why didn’t initial forms of photosynthesis not produce oxygen

A

They didn’t use water as their electron donor, and therefore couldn’t have O2 as a byproduct

24
Q

How did oxygen begin to accumalate on earth

A

photosynthesis

25
Q

What must’ve happen to a cell for it to be capable of oxygenic photsynthesis

A

It must have incorporated cyanobacteria by endosymbiosis

26
Q

What is the cyanobacteria, now, in eukaryotic cells

A

It has evolved into the chloroplast

27
Q

What, evolutionary wise, is the thylakoid membrane

A

the internal photosynthetic membrane found in cyanobacteria

28
Q

What is the stroma of the chloroplast, evolutionarily speaking

A

cytoplasm of the ancestral cynobacterium

29
Q

What can photosynthesis produce that is toxic to the cell

A

reactive oxygen species

30
Q

Oxygen Catastrophe/ Oxygen Crisis

A

The accumulation of o2 gas on the atmosphere and the MASSIVE LOSS OF LIFE that occurred

31
Q

What did O2 in the atmosphere lead to in evolution

A

New ways to EXTRACT ENERGY from organic molecules

32
Q

What form of cellular respiration release more energy in the form of ATP

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

33
Q

How did new metabolic pathways increase evolutionary fitness of some organisms

A

Increased ability to survive and reproduce in their environment

34
Q

What is chlorophyll and what does it do

A

Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs and reflects light
- Reflects green light, which is why they appear green

35
Q

Anthocyanin

A

Pigment that reflects red, blue, or purple depending on the pH of its environment

36
Q

Carotenoids

A

Pigments that reflect red, orange, and yellow pigments

37
Q

What kind of carotenoid give carrots their orange color

A

Carotenes

38
Q

What kind of carotenoids give yellow-orange pigments

A

Xanthophylls

39
Q

How do xanthophylls reduce light energy

A

They take absorbed light from the chlorophyll and CONVERT THIS LIGHT ENERGY into HEAT, preventing the formation of dangerous reactive oxygen species that are toxic to the cell

40
Q

What happens to plants that lack xanthophylls in moderate light

A

They grow poorly or die, because they are not protected from the full range of light energy

41
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Molecule in red blood cells in which oxygen is bound to
It transports this oxygen around to cells throughout the body

42
Q

How do molecules or structure evolve to have diverse roles

A

They evolve over time through common ancestors

43
Q

Hemoglobin structure

A

4 globin subunits

44
Q

Heme groups

A

Each globin has a heme group with an iron atom
It reversibly binds one oxygen molecule, allowing the transport of oxygen from the lungs to tissues for respiration

45
Q

Fetal Hemoglobin

A

Has higher affinity for O2 than does adult hemoglobin, allowing the fetus to attain sufficient O2

46
Q

How do variants of hemoglobin differ

A

In structure and how tightly they bind to oxygen

47
Q

How do animals who live in high altitudes receive enough oxygen, although their air has less oxygen in it

A

Their hemoglobins have HIGHER AFFINITY for O2, binding more readily to oxygen than animas at sea level

48
Q

Myoglobin structure and its effect

A

It only has one globin subunit and one heme group, so Myoglobin has a higher affinity for O2, binding more tightly to it

49
Q

Where is myoglobin found and its effect

A

Found in vertebrae muscles, so hemoglobin in the blood vessels release oxygen to exercising muscles, since the myoglobin readily and tightly gets the O2 molecules

50
Q

Why is Myoglobin important in muscle cells that depend on aerobic respiration to produce ATP

A

Myoglobin can quickly release O2 on the onset of activity

51
Q

Why do deep diving mammals need myoglobin

A

They load up with O2 at the surface and Myoglobin supplies O2 to produce ATP, when air is not available to them to breath

52
Q

Increased forms throughout evolution allow for what

A

Fitness throughout diverse environments.

53
Q
A

AP Bio (11 decks)

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