Module 22

Question 1

Mutations

Answer 1

Heritable changes in genetic material
They can produce altered receptor proteins that interfere with cell communication

Question 2

Signalling disruptions

Answer 2

Changes to or replacements for the signaling molecules can interrupt proper cell communication

Question 3

What can activate inhibit receptors

Answer 3

Chemicals in foods and drugs

Question 4

What happens when inhibit receptors are attached to the receptor

Answer 4

influence rest of cell response
Abnormal or unexpected responses by the target cell

Question 5

What happens with cell disruption

Answer 5

homeostasis is disrupted resulting in poor health for an organism

Question 6

Agonist

Answer 6

any ligand that binds to a receptor and causes a response

Question 7

Antagonist

Answer 7

any ligand that binds to a receptor and inhibits a response/ transduction pathway

Question 8

Endogenous ligands

Answer 8

Ligands produced by the body

Question 9

Exogeneous ligands

Answer 9

Ligands from outside the body
Can affect signaling pathways
Some mimic endogenous ligands, producing typical cell response
Some over-stimulate the signal transduction pathways, resulting in stronger responses

Question 10

Albuterol

Answer 10

Used to open airways of the lungs
Agonist of the adrenaline receptors

Question 11

Where is albuterol from

Answer 11

The extract of leaves

Question 12

What happens when the exogenous agonist of a receptor is bound more tightly

Answer 12

The ligand stays attached longer, resulting in a longer lasting response, and a greater overall response

Question 13

How can exogenous ligands caused altered cell responses

Answer 13

By coming in the cell at the wrong time, or at the wrong level

Question 14

Why is caffeine an antagonist

Answer 14

Binds to adenosine receptors but does not cause it change shape and so it remains inactive
It suppresses the response to feel drowsy

Question 15

Where does aspirin come from

Answer 15

the bark of a shrub called the GENUS SPIRAEA

Question 16

Where does taxol come from and do

Answer 16

Treats cancers and is from the pacific yew tree

Question 17

Where does digitalis come from and do

Answer 17

Used to treat heart failure and comes from a common flower in English gardens

Question 18

What do the sequence of DNA bases create

Answer 18

The structure of proteins, including signaling molecules, receptor proteins, and other protiens

Question 19

What can a mutation do to a DNA sequence

Answer 19

It can lead to a change in the amino acid sequence of a protein, affecting the protein’s shape and function