Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Bio > Module 31 > Flashcards

Module 31 Flashcards

Gene Expression and Regulation

1
Q

Where do cells store information

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do cells uses DNA/ information for

A

identity, function, and sustain life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do all cells transmit information

A

Cell division
-Mitosis and meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cell cycle

A

Cell grows, copies chromosomes, and divides through mitosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do sexually reproducing cells transmit traits

A

Inheritance
Mitotic cell division,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Informational molecules

-DNA, RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In what form do nucleic acids carry information

A

Nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do the nucleotides within DNA code for

A

Amino acid sequences for proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

RNA function

A

Gene expression
Protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of bonds hold nucleotides together

A

covalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nucleotide structure

A

5-carbon sugar
nitrogen base
phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nucleic acids building block

A

Nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sugar in DNA

A

Deoxyribose
H at 2nd carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sugar in RNA

A

OH at 2nd carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pyrimidine Bases
Rings, H-bonds, and bases

A

Single Ringed
T, C, U
3 H-bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Purine Bases

A

Double-Ringed
A, G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Phosphodiester Bonds
What are they
What part of DNA do they form

A

Form between a phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another nucleotide
Form the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What kind of bond are phosphodiester bonds

A

Covalent Bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What base pairing makes 2 Hydrogen Bonds

A

A-T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What base pairing makes 3 Hydrogen Bonds

A

G-C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is base pairing a result of

A

hydrogen bonding between nucleotide bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is DNA so various and able to carry genetic info for so many spieces

A

There is no restriction to a nucleotide sequence within the DNA strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How is genetic information encoded within DNA molecules

A

Throughout the sequence of bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where do cells come from

A

Preexisting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Functional unit of life

A

Cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

DNA Replication
What is and purpose

A

Process of duplicating DNA
Allows genetic information to be passed from cell to cell AND from organism to progeny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Progeny

A

Offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How do we know that replication evolved early in life’s history

A

It occurs in virtually the same way for all organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What allows DNA to be stably and reliable passed down from generation to generation

A

The structure
Each parental strand serves as a template for the daughter cell
Corresponding base pairs

30
Q

Mutations cause

A

Environmental insults (radiation, carcinogens)
Accidents by Polymerase

31
Q

Protein functions

A

Enzymes, channels, transporters, structural support

32
Q

What determines a protein function or how they fold

A

Their amino acid sequence
DNA determines amino acid sequence

33
Q

What is a proteins amino acid sequence determined by

A

DNA

34
Q

The Central Dogma

A

A theory that describes the pathway of information from DNA –> RNA –> Protein

Basic flow of information in a cell

35
Q

Transcription

A

The process where DNA is used to build an RNA molecule
They are copied using nucleotides

36
Q

What language is used when transcribing

A

Nucleotides

37
Q

Translation

A

Process where protein is synthesized from RNA

38
Q

What language change happens during translation

A

Nucleotide to amino acid

39
Q

How much of a DNA molecule is used to make a protein

A

ONLY a segment
A Gene

40
Q

Gene

A

A DNA segment sequence that corresponds to a specific product, like a protein

41
Q

Exceptions to the flow of information

A

HIV- flows in reverse
Flu replication- RNA to RNA

42
Q

Gene Expression

A

The process by which a gene is transcribed and transferred

43
Q

When are genes turned on / expressed

A

When a gene produces a protein

44
Q

Gene Regulation
4 parts

A

The process that controls if, when, where, or for how long a gene is expressed

45
Q

Housekeeping Genes

A

Genes that are expressed almost all of the time
-metabolism

46
Q

How does cell specification occur

A

Through gene regulation
Muscle cells express genes that encode proteins that cause muscle contractions.

47
Q

Noncoding RNA

A

RNA is not translated because they don’t code for proteins

48
Q

What CAN noncoding proteins do

A

Help in translation, catalytic activity, act as enzymes

49
Q

Where does transcription and translation occur in Eurkayotic cells

A

Transcription in the nucleus
Translation in the cytoplasm

50
Q

Where does transcription and translation occur in Prokaryotic cells

A

In the cytoplasm

51
Q

Why is each step of protein synthesis well-regulated in eukaryotes

A

Time and Space from nucleus to cytoplasm

52
Q

Chromosome differences between prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes have one circular chromosome in each cell while Eukaryotes have multiple (23 pairs in humans) linear chormosomes

53
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structure within each cell that is made up of a single DNA strand, associated with proteins

54
Q

How are chromosomes passed from cell to cell

A

They replicate and pass during cell division

Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission
Eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis and cytokinesis

55
Q

Chromosomes purpose

A

A way to package long DNA molecules

56
Q

Problem with circular chromosomes and base pairing

A

Not enough pair, because it makes fewer turns, resulting in a strain

57
Q

Supercoils

A

DNA molecules coil on itself
Relieves the strain on DNA, allowing base pairs to form
Prokaryotic cells only

58
Q

Nucleoids

A

DNA structure with multiple loops/ supercoils

59
Q

What binds supercoils together/ forms loops in prokaryotic DNA molecules

A

proteins

60
Q

What compresses DNA molecules into compact circles in prokaryotes

A

supercoiling and protein binding that form the loops

61
Q

Plasmid

A

Additional DNA within prokaryotes in the form of circles
Replicate independently from main DNA

62
Q

Purpose of the plasmid

A

Not essential for survival
Helps with survival and reproduction under specific environmental conditions.

63
Q

Chromatin

A

The DNA-protein complex within Eukaryotic cells
How DNA is packaged in Eukaryotic cells

64
Q

Histone Proteins

A

Evolutionary conserved
DNA winds up around these proteins

65
Q

Nucleosomes

A

How histone proteins are organized within eukaryotic cells

Rich in lysine and arginine (amino acids)

66
Q

The first level of DNA packaging

A

“Beads on strings”
Nucleosomes are the beads and DNA is the string
DNA winds around nucleosomes, forming the chormatin

67
Q

What forms the chromatin

A

Nucleosomes
Eukaryotic cells

68
Q

Chromosome condensation

A

The progressive packaging and condensing of shorter, thicker chromosomes (the chromatin)

Active, energy-consuming process

69
Q

Chromosome Scaffold

A

Supporting protein structure within chromosomes

70
Q

Relationship between gene expression and gene regulation

A

It regulates protein synthesis/ function
When, where, if, and for how long a gene is expressed

71
Q

Four Bases of DNA Sequence

A

Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine, Adenine

AP Bio (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions