Module 5.5

Question 1

Meta Analytic studies

Answer 1

a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion

Question 2

Evidence-based interventions

Answer 2

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and client characteristics and preferences

Question 3

Cultural humility

Answer 3

a process of reflection and lifelong inquiry, involves self-awareness of personal and cultural biases as well as awareness and sensitivity to significant cultural issues of others

Question 4

Therapeutic alliance

Answer 4

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem

Question 5

Psychotropic medication therapy

Answer 5

“Psychotropic medication therapy is a psychological treatment that involves using medications to alter a person’s mental and psychological functions, such as their mood, perception, and behavior. When combined with psychotherapy, psychotropic drugs can be effective in treating a wide range of conditions, including:
Anxiety, Bipolar disorder, Depression, Schizophrenia, Borderline personality disorder (BPD), Sleep disorders, Pain, and Psychosis”

Question 6

ethical principles from APA in clinical/therapeutic situations

Answer 6

according to the APA your therapist should follow these principles:
beneficence and nonmaleficence

Question 7

nonmaleficence

Answer 7

the obligation of a physician not to harm the patient; one of the ethical principles required by the APA for therapists

Question 8

fidelity

Answer 8

establish a feeling of trust and a defined role as your therapist, uphold a professional standard of conduct, and be of service to the therapeutic community; one of the ethical principles required by the APA for therapists

Question 9

Free association

Answer 9

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Question 10

integrity

Answer 10

be honest, truthful, and accurate; one of the ethical principles required by the APA for therapists

Question 11

Dream interpretation

Answer 11

the technique in psychotherapy and psychoanalysis that is used to analyze a client’s dream to reveal subliminal motivations, unconscious conflicts, or hidden meanings within the dreams.

Question 12

Unconscious mind

Answer 12

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories; according to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware of

Question 13

Cognitive therapies

Answer 13

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

Question 14

Cognitive triad

Answer 14

Beck also developed the notion of the cognitive triad to describe how depressed adults tend to think about the world. The triad refers to thoughts about self, world, and future. In all the three instances, depressed individuals tend to have negative views

Question 15

Principles of conditioning

Answer 15

“Acquisition: The fundamental process in classical conditioning, where a stimulus and response are associated through repeated exposure
Extinction: When a conditioned response disappears, either suddenly or gradually, due to the omission of reinforcement
Spontaneous recovery: When a conditioned response that has gone extinct suddenly reappears
Stimulus generalization: When a subject responds to similar stimuli to the conditioned stimulus
Stimulus discrimination: When a subject can distinguish between different stimuli and only responds to certain ones”

Question 16

Exposure therapies

Answer 16

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid

Question 17

Systematic desensitization

Answer 17

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat specific phobias

Question 18

Aversion therapies

Answer 18

associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior

Question 19

Token economies

Answer 19

associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior

Question 20

Biofeedback

Answer 20

uses principles of conditioning to help clients regulate body systems (such as the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) that contribute to feelings of anxiety or depression

Question 21

Cognitive-behavioral therapies

Answer 21

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Question 22

Dialectical behavior therapy

Answer 22

a type of psychotherapy that helps people learn skills to manage intense emotions, cope with challenges, and improve relationships. DBT is based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and dialectical philosophy, which involves balancing acceptance and change-oriented strategies. The goal of DBT is to help people understand and accept their feelings, learn to change their lives, and build lives they feel are worth living

Question 23

Rational emotive behavior therapy

Answer 23

a confrontational cognitive therapy , developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

Question 24

Humanistic perspective (therapy)

Answer 24

commonly referred to as person-centered therapy, employs active listening and unconditional positive regard

Question 25

Person-centered therapy

Answer 25

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth

Question 26

Active listening

Answer 26

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and seeks clarification; a feature of client-centered therapy

Question 27

Unconditional positive regard

Answer 27

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

Question 28

Hypnosis

Answer 28

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur; in a therapeutic context, the hypnotist attempts to use suggestions to reduce unpleasant physical sensations

Question 29

Psychoactive medications (list some and what they do)

Answer 29

antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, lithium, or antipsychotic medications, interact with specific neurotransmitters in the central nervous system to address possible biochemical causes of mental disorders; can have side effects like tardive dyskinesia

Question 30

Tardive dyskinesia

Answer 30

a chronic movement disorder that causes involuntary, repetitive, and uncontrollable muscle movements in the face, body, or both related to the regulation of dopamine in the nervous system

Question 31

Psychosurgery

Answer 31

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

Question 32

Leisoning

Answer 32

tissue destruction. Brain lesions may occur naturally (from disease or trauma), during surgery, or experimentally (using electrodes to destroy brain cells)

Question 33

TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)

Answer 33

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

Question 34

Electroconvulsive therapy

Answer 34

a biomedical therapy for severe depression in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized person

Question 35

lobotomy

Answer 35

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain