Module 3.6 Flashcards
Social-Emotional Development Across the Lifespan
Ecological systems
theory that explores how the social environment influences development
Microsystems
groups that have direct contact with the individual
Mesosystem
the relationships between groups in the microsystem
Exosystem
indirect factors in an individual’s life
Macrosystem
cultural events that affect the individuals and others around them
Chronosystem
the individual’s current state of life
Authoritarian
this style of caregiver where parent or caregiver stresses obedience, deemphasizes collaboration and dialogue, and employs strong forms of punishment
Authoritative
this style of caregiver where parent or caregiver encourages a child’s autonomy yet still places certain limitations on behavior
Permissive
this style of caregiver where parent or caregiver is accepting and affirmative, makes few demands, and avoids exercising control
Secure attachment
the positive parent–child relationship, in which the child displays confidence when the parent is present, shows mild distress when the parent leaves, and quickly reestablishes contact when the parent returns
Insecure attachment
one of several patterns of a generally negative parent–child relationship in which the child fails to display confidence when the parent is present, sometimes shows distress when the parent leaves, and reacts to the returning parent by avoidance ( or with ambivalence
anxious-avoidant
a form of insecure attachment in which an infant explores only minimally and tends to avoid or be indifferent to the parent
Disorganized
a form of insecure attachment in which infants show no coherent or consistent behavior during separation from and reunion with their parents.
Temperament
the basic foundation of personality, usually assumed to be biologically determined and present early in life, including such characteristics as energy level, emotional responsiveness, demeanor, mood, response tempo, behavioral inhibition, and willingness to explore
Separation anxiety
occurs when children express heightened anxiety or fear when away from a caregiver or in the presence of a stranger
(Harlow) monkey experiment
designed to study the effects of maternal deprivation and isolation; demonstrated the importance of comfort over food in attachment
parallel play
a child is next to others and using similar objects but still engaged in their own activity.
Pretend play
includes an as-if orientation to actions, objects, and peers. It often involves playing a distinct role, such as mother, teacher, or doctor. Fantasy play also involves taking a stance that is different from reality and using a mental representation of a situation as part of an enactment
Adolescent egocentrism
the feeling of personal uniqueness often experienced in adolescence; that is, the conviction that one is special and is or should be the constant focus of others’ attention
Imaginary audience
the belief of an adolescent that others are constantly focusing attention on them, scrutinizing behaviors, appearance, and the like. The adolescent feels as though they are continually the central topic of interest to a group of spectators when in fact this is not the case
Personal fable
a belief in one’s uniqueness and invulnerability, which is an expression of adolescent egocentrism and may extend further into the lifespan
Social clock
in a given culture, the set of norms governing the ages at which particular life events—such as beginning school, leaving home, getting married, having children, and retiring—are expected to occur.
Psychosocial development
idea that people must resolve psychosocial conflicts at each stage of the lifespan
Trust and mistrust
Children who learn to trust caregivers in infancy will be more likely to form trusting relationships with others throughout the course of their lives
Autonomy and shame and doubt
Gaining a sense of personal control over the world is important at this stage of development. Children at this age are becoming increasingly independent and want to gain more control over what they do and how they do it. Kids who have confidence in their skills are more likely to succeed in subsequent tasks such as mastering social, academic, and other skills.
Initiative and guilt
Success in this stage relies on a healthy balance between initiative and guilt. Initiative leads to a sense of purpose and can help develop leadership skills; failure results in guilt. Essentially, kids who don’t develop initiative at this stage may become fearful of trying new things. When they do direct efforts toward something, they may feel that they are doing something wrong.
Industry and inferiority
A child is learning various emotional and social skills. It’s important that their parents or caregivers support them as they face new challenges and make attempts to navigate these challenges on their own. In order for a child to feel industrious, they need to feel that they are capable and competent. Without the opportunities to develop new skills, they may end up feeling inadequate or that they just don’t measure up
Identity and role confusion
During the identity vs. role confusion stage, the conflict is centered on developing a personal identity. Successfully completing this stage leads to a strong sense of self that will remain throughout life.
Intimacy and isolation
The major conflict at this stage of life centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success at this stage leads to fulfilling relationships. Struggling at this stage, on the other hand, can result in feelings of loneliness and isolation
Generativity and stagnation
During this stage, middle-aged adults strive to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by parenting children or fostering positive changes that benefit others. Contributing to society and doing things to promote future generations are important needs at the generativity vs. stagnation stage of development
Integrity and despair
During the integrity versus despair stage, people reflect back on the life they have lived and come away with either a sense of fulfillment from a life well lived or a sense of regret and despair over a life misspent.
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)
potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood. ACEs can include violence, abuse, and growing up in a family with mental health or substance use problems. Toxic stress from ACEs can change brain development and affect how the body responds to stress
Achievement
the attainment of some goal, or the goal attained
Diffusion
when one does not focus on self or create an individual identify
Foreclosure
when someone commits to an identity or set of values without exploring other options
Moratorium
the experimental period of adolescence in which, during the task of discovering who one is as an individual separate from family of origin and as part of the broader social context, young people try out alternative roles before making permanent commitments to an identity. Adolescents who are unsuccessful at negotiating this stage risk confusion over their role in life
