Module 3.6

Question 1

Ecological systems

Answer 1

theory that explores how the social environment influences development

Question 2

Microsystems

Answer 2

groups that have direct contact with the individual

Question 3

Mesosystem

Answer 3

the relationships between groups in the microsystem

Question 4

Exosystem

Answer 4

indirect factors in an individual’s life

Question 5

Macrosystem

Answer 5

cultural events that affect the individuals and others around them

Question 6

Chronosystem

Answer 6

the individual’s current state of life

Question 7

Authoritarian

Answer 7

this style of caregiver where parent or caregiver stresses obedience, deemphasizes collaboration and dialogue, and employs strong forms of punishment

Question 8

Authoritative

Answer 8

this style of caregiver where parent or caregiver encourages a child’s autonomy yet still places certain limitations on behavior

Question 9

Permissive

Answer 9

this style of caregiver where parent or caregiver is accepting and affirmative, makes few demands, and avoids exercising control

Question 10

Secure attachment

Answer 10

the positive parent–child relationship, in which the child displays confidence when the parent is present, shows mild distress when the parent leaves, and quickly reestablishes contact when the parent returns

Question 11

Insecure attachment

Answer 11

one of several patterns of a generally negative parent–child relationship in which the child fails to display confidence when the parent is present, sometimes shows distress when the parent leaves, and reacts to the returning parent by avoidance ( or with ambivalence

Question 12

anxious-avoidant

Answer 12

a form of insecure attachment in which an infant explores only minimally and tends to avoid or be indifferent to the parent

Question 13

Disorganized

Answer 13

a form of insecure attachment in which infants show no coherent or consistent behavior during separation from and reunion with their parents.

Question 14

Temperament

Answer 14

the basic foundation of personality, usually assumed to be biologically determined and present early in life, including such characteristics as energy level, emotional responsiveness, demeanor, mood, response tempo, behavioral inhibition, and willingness to explore

Question 15

Separation anxiety

Answer 15

occurs when children express heightened anxiety or fear when away from a caregiver or in the presence of a stranger

Question 16

(Harlow) monkey experiment

Answer 16

designed to study the effects of maternal deprivation and isolation; demonstrated the importance of comfort over food in attachment

Question 17

parallel play

Answer 17

a child is next to others and using similar objects but still engaged in their own activity.

Question 18

Pretend play

Answer 18

includes an as-if orientation to actions, objects, and peers. It often involves playing a distinct role, such as mother, teacher, or doctor. Fantasy play also involves taking a stance that is different from reality and using a mental representation of a situation as part of an enactment

Question 19

Adolescent egocentrism

Answer 19

the feeling of personal uniqueness often experienced in adolescence; that is, the conviction that one is special and is or should be the constant focus of others’ attention

Question 20

Imaginary audience

Answer 20

the belief of an adolescent that others are constantly focusing attention on them, scrutinizing behaviors, appearance, and the like. The adolescent feels as though they are continually the central topic of interest to a group of spectators when in fact this is not the case

Question 21

Personal fable

Answer 21

a belief in one’s uniqueness and invulnerability, which is an expression of adolescent egocentrism and may extend further into the lifespan

Question 22

Social clock

Answer 22

in a given culture, the set of norms governing the ages at which particular life events—such as beginning school, leaving home, getting married, having children, and retiring—are expected to occur.

Question 23

Psychosocial development

Answer 23

idea that people must resolve psychosocial conflicts at each stage of the lifespan

Question 24

Trust and mistrust

Answer 24

Children who learn to trust caregivers in infancy will be more likely to form trusting relationships with others throughout the course of their lives

Question 25

Autonomy and shame and doubt

Answer 25

Gaining a sense of personal control over the world is important at this stage of development. Children at this age are becoming increasingly independent and want to gain more control over what they do and how they do it. Kids who have confidence in their skills are more likely to succeed in subsequent tasks such as mastering social, academic, and other skills.

Question 26

Initiative and guilt

Answer 26

Success in this stage relies on a healthy balance between initiative and guilt. Initiative leads to a sense of purpose and can help develop leadership skills; failure results in guilt. Essentially, kids who don't develop initiative at this stage may become fearful of trying new things. When they do direct efforts toward something, they may feel that they are doing something wrong.

Question 27

Industry and inferiority

Answer 27

A child is learning various emotional and social skills. It's important that their parents or caregivers support them as they face new challenges and make attempts to navigate these challenges on their own. In order for a child to feel industrious, they need to feel that they are capable and competent. Without the opportunities to develop new skills, they may end up feeling inadequate or that they just don't measure up

Question 28

Identity and role confusion

Answer 28

During the identity vs. role confusion stage, the conflict is centered on developing a personal identity. Successfully completing this stage leads to a strong sense of self that will remain throughout life.

Question 29

Intimacy and isolation

Answer 29

The major conflict at this stage of life centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success at this stage leads to fulfilling relationships. Struggling at this stage, on the other hand, can result in feelings of loneliness and isolation

Question 30

Generativity and stagnation

Answer 30

During this stage, middle-aged adults strive to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by parenting children or fostering positive changes that benefit others. Contributing to society and doing things to promote future generations are important needs at the generativity vs. stagnation stage of development

Question 31

Integrity and despair

Answer 31

During the integrity versus despair stage, people reflect back on the life they have lived and come away with either a sense of fulfillment from a life well lived or a sense of regret and despair over a life misspent.

Question 32

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)

Answer 32

potentially traumatic events that occur in childhood. ACEs can include violence, abuse, and growing up in a family with mental health or substance use problems. Toxic stress from ACEs can change brain development and affect how the body responds to stress

Question 33

Achievement

Answer 33

the attainment of some goal, or the goal attained

Question 34

Diffusion

Answer 34

when one does not focus on self or create an individual identify

Question 35

Foreclosure

Answer 35

when someone commits to an identity or set of values without exploring other options

Question 36

Moratorium

Answer 36

the experimental period of adolescence in which, during the task of discovering who one is as an individual separate from family of origin and as part of the broader social context, young people try out alternative roles before making permanent commitments to an identity. Adolescents who are unsuccessful at negotiating this stage risk confusion over their role in life