Module 3.7

Question 1

Behavioral perspective

Answer 1

traditionally focused on observable behavior to the exclusion of mental processes

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

focuses on the association of one stimulus with another stimulus to elicit a response

Question 3

Acquisition

Answer 3

learning the association through a series of steps that demonstrate the principles of associative learning

Question 4

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 4

a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response, as in withdrawal from a hot radiator, contraction of the pupil on exposure to light, or salivation when food is in the mouth

Question 5

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 5

the unlearned response to a stimulus. In other words, it is any original response that occurs naturally and in the absence of conditioning (salivation in response to the presentation of food). The unconditioned response is a reflex that serves as the basis for establishment of the conditioned response in classical conditioning

Question 6

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 6

in classical conditioning, the learned or acquired response to a conditioned stimulus

Question 7

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 7

a neutral stimulus that is repeatedly associated with an unconditioned stimulus until it acquires the ability to elicit a response that it previously did not. In many (but not all) cases, the response elicited by the conditioned stimulus is similar to that elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Question 9

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 9

the formerly extinct conditioned response returns when the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are paired together

Question 10

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 10

the ability to distinguish among different stimuli (to distinguish a circle from an ellipse) and to respond differently to them.

Question 11

Stimulus generalization

Answer 11

the spread of effects of conditioning (either operant or classical) to stimuli that differ in certain aspects from the stimulus present during original conditioning

Question 12

Higher order conditioning

Answer 12

in classical conditioning, a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus of one experiment acts as the unconditioned stimulus of another, for the purpose of conditioning a neutral stimulus

Question 13

Taste aversion

Answer 13

the association of the taste of a food or fluid with an aversive stimulus (usually gastrointestinal discomfort or illness), leading to a very rapid and long-lasting aversion to, or at the least a decreased preference for, that particular taste

Question 14

One trial conditioning

Answer 14

occurs when the association is acquired through one paring of the stimulus and the response and is not strengthened by further pairings

Question 15

Biological preparedness

Answer 15

refers to how animals are biologically predisposed to learning certain stimulus-response pairings more quickly than others

Question 16

Habituation

Answer 16

occurs when organisms grow accustomed to and exhibit a diminished response to a repeated or enduring stimulus