Module 2.2

Question 1

Prototypes

Answer 1

the ideal example for any given concept

Question 2

Schemas

Answer 2

framework for thinking

Question 3

Assimilation

Answer 3

taking in new information but not changing the schema in light of it

Question 4

Accommodation

Answer 4

taking in new information and changing the schema to incorporate the new information

Question 5

Algorithms

Answer 5

addresses problems by attempting all possible solutions until the correct one is found

Question 6

Heuristics

Answer 6

addresses problems by using mental shortcuts to make judgments; this can lead to errors in judgment when decisions are made according to prior expectations/stereotypes OR

Question 7

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 7

making decisions according to prior expectations or stereotypes

Question 8

Availability heuristic

Answer 8

making decisions by recalling the first or most vivid example that comes to mind

Question 9

Mental set

Answer 9

decision making that is influenced by prior experiences that were successful

Question 10

Priming

Answer 10

in cognitive psychology, the effect in which recent experience of a stimulus facilitates or inhibits later processing of the same or a similar stimulus.

Question 11

framing

Answer 11

the process of defining the context or issues surrounding a question, problem, or event in a way that serves to influence how the context or issues are perceived and evaluated

Question 12

Gambler’s fallacy

Answer 12

a failure to recognize the independence of chance events, leading to the mistaken belief that one can predict the outcome of a chance event on the basis of the outcomes of past chance events.

Question 13

Sunk-cost fallacy

Answer 13

a cognitive bias that makes you feel as if you should continue pouring money, time, or effort into a situation since you’ve already “sunk” so much into it already

Question 14

Executive functions

Answer 14

cognitive processes that allow individuals to generate, organize, plan, and carry out goal-directed behaviors and experience critical thinking

Question 15

Creativity

Answer 15

is a way of thinking that includes generating novel ideas and engaging in divergent thinking

Question 16

Divergent thinking

Answer 16

creative thinking in which an individual solves a problem or reaches a decision using strategies that deviate from commonly used or previously taught strategies.

Question 17

Convergent thinking

Answer 17

critical thinking in which an individual uses linear, logical steps to analyze a number of already formulated solutions to a problem to determine the correct one or the one that is most likely to be successful

Question 18

Functional fixedness

Answer 18

the tendency to perceive an object only in terms of its most common use