Module 2.1

Question 1

Perception

Answer 1

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize menaing ful objects and events; it is influenced by whether one primarily relies on external sensory information or internal prior expectations

Question 2

Bottom up processing

Answer 2

external sensory information

Question 3

Top down processing

Answer 3

internal prior expectations

Question 4

Schemas

Answer 4

cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information; a schema describes patterns of thinking and behavior that people use to interpret the world

Question 5

Perceptual sets

Answer 5

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

Question 6

Gestalt psychology

Answer 6

an organized whole; gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful units

Question 7

Closure

Answer 7

we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object

Question 8

Figure-ground

Answer 8

the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures_ that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)

Question 9

Proximity

Answer 9

we group nearby figures together

Question 10

Similarity

Answer 10

It states that people tend to organize objects with similar qualities into a perceptual group and interpret them as a whole

Question 11

Cocktail party effect

Answer 11

the ability to attend to one of several speech streams while ignoring others, as when one is at a cocktail party.

Question 12

Change blindness

Answer 12

failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of inattentional blindness (failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere)

Question 13

Binocular depth cues

Answer 13

a depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of 2 eyes

Question 14

Retinal disparity

Answer 14

a binocular cue for perceiving depth; it compares the retinal images from the two eyes; the greater the distance, the closer the objects

Question 15

Convergence

Answer 15

The rotation of the two eyes inward toward a light source so that the image falls on corresponding points on the foveas. Convergence enables the slightly different images of an object seen by each eye to come together and form a single image. The muscular tension exerted is also a cue to the distance of the object from the eyes.

Question 16

Monocular depth cues

Answer 16

a depth cue available to either eye alone

Question 17

Relative clarity

Answer 17

monocular cue to depth perception that describes how objects appear clearer and more detailed when they are closer, while more distant objects appear less distinct and hazier

Question 18

Relative size

Answer 18

if we assume two objects are similar in size, most people perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther away

Question 19

Texture gradient

Answer 19

monocular cue; the progressive decline in the resolution of textures as the viewer moves away from them.

Question 20

Linear perspective

Answer 20

parallel lines appear to meet in the distance; the sharper the angle of convergence, the greater the perceived distance

Question 21

Interposition

Answer 21

if one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer

Question 22

Visual perceptual constancies

Answer 22

perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change