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NEW AP Psych > Module 5.4 > Flashcards

Module 5.4 Flashcards

Selection of Categories of Psychological Disorders

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1
Q

Neurodevelopmental disorders

A

central nervous system abnormalities (usually in the brain) that start in childhood and alter thinking and behavior (as in intellectual limitations or a psychological disorder)

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2
Q

ADHD

A

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

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3
Q

ASD

A

autism spectrum disorder; a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by limitations in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

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4
Q

Causes of neurodevelopmental disorders

A

“environmental causes such as maternal use of alcohol tobacco, or illicit drugs during pregnancy, low socioeconomic status, or nutritional deficiencies
physiological causes such as metabolic diseases or immune disorders
genetic causes such as mutations in genes that code for proteins that contribute to synapse formation and function”

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5
Q

Schizophrenic spectrum disorder

A

a group of disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, disorganized or unusual motor behavior and negative symptoms (such as diminished emotional expression); includes schizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder

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6
Q

Delusions

A

a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders; positive symptom

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7
Q

Hallucinations

A

false perceptions that may involve one or more of the senses; positive symptom

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8
Q

Disorganized thinking or speech

A

positive symptom of selected schizophrenic spectrum disorders; may manifest as speaking in ways such as speaking in a word salad (stringing together words in nonsensical ways)

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9
Q

Disorganized motor behavior

A

one of the issues that characterizes schizophrenic spectrum disorders; many manifest as catatonia

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10
Q

Catatonia

A

one of the issues that characterizes schizophrenic spectrum disorders; many manifest as catatonia

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11
Q

Excitement

A

one of the issues that characterizes schizophrenic spectrum disorders; many manifest as catatonia

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12
Q

Stupor

A

form of catatonia in which the person can’t move, speak, or respond to stimuli

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13
Q

Negative symptoms

A

decrease or absence of normal behaviors for example an absence of emotion in voice, expressionless face or mute and rigid bodies

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14
Q

Causes of schizophrenia

A

brain abnormalities

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15
Q

Depressive disorders

A

a group of disorders characterized by an enduring sad, empty, or irritable mood, along with physical and cognitive changes that affect a person’s ability to function

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16
Q

Major depressive disorders

A

a disorder in which a peson experiences five or more symptoms lasting two or more weeks, in the absence of drug use or a medical condition, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure

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17
Q

Persistent depressive disorders

A

a disorder in which people experience a depressed mood on more days than not for at least 2 years

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18
Q

Causes of depressive disorders

A

Research suggests that genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors play a role in depression. Risk factors for depression can include: personal or family history of depression or major negative life changes, trauma, or stress

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19
Q

Bipolar disorders

A

a group of disorders in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

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20
Q

Mania

A

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common

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21
Q

Depression

A

also known as major depressive disorder or clinical depression, is a common and serious mood disorder that can affect anyone. It’s characterized by a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in activities for long periods of time. These feelings can interfere with daily life, including relationships, work, and school

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22
Q

Bipolar I disorder

A

the most severe form, in which people experience a euphoric, talkative highly energetic, and overly ambitious state that lasts a week or longer

23
Q

Bipolar II disorder

A

a less severe form of bipolar in which people move between depression and a milder hypomania

24
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

a group of disorders characterized by excessive fear and anxiety and related maladaptive behaviors

25
Q

Specific phobia

A

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

26
Q

Agoraphobia

A

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one may experience a loss of control and panic

27
Q

Panic disorder

A

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations; often followed by worry over a possible next attack

28
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

intense fear and avoidance of social situations

29
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

30
Q

Ataque nervios

A

type of anxiety characterized primarily by a range of symptoms such as trembling, convulsions, uncontrollable screaming, shouting or crying, feelings of impending loss of control, shortness of breath, chest tightness, palpitations, feelings of heat in the chest that rise to the head, shaking arms and legs, and physical and/or verbal aggression.

31
Q

Taijin kyofusho

A

is a type of social anxiety that’s specific to Japanese culture. It’s characterized by an intense fear that one’s physical characteristics or behaviors may offend, embarrass, or displease others in social situations

32
Q

Possible causes of anxiety disorders

A

“The causes of anxiety disorders are likely a combination of factors, including genetic, environmental, psychological, and developmental factors. Some general risk factors include:
Stressful or traumatic experiences, health conditions, personality, genetics, and substance misuse”

33
Q

OCD

A

obsessive compulsive disorder; a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both

34
Q

Obsessions

A

unwanted repetitive thoughts

35
Q

Compulsions

A

unwanted repetitive thoughts

36
Q

Hoarding disorder

A

a persistent difficulty parting with possessions, regardless of their value

37
Q

Causes of OCD

A

exact causes are unknown but may include genetics, brain abnormalities, environment, or personality traits

38
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

a controversial, rare group of disorders characterized by a disruption of or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior

39
Q

Dissociative amnesia (with and without fugue)

A

a disorder in which people with intact brains reportedly experience memory gaps; people with dissociative amnesia may report not remembering trauma-related specific events, people, places, or aspects of their identity and life history

40
Q

DID (dissociative identity disorder)

A

dissociative identity disorder; a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities

41
Q

Causes of dissociative disorders

A

caused by chronic childhood trauma. This trauma can include: physical or sexual abuse; emotional abuse or neglect; unpredictable or frightening family environments; important early losses, such as the death of a parent; serious medical illnesses

42
Q

Trauma and stressor related disorders

A

a group of disorders in which exposure to a traumatic or stressful event is followed by psychological distress

43
Q

Symptoms of trauma and stressor related disorders

A

recurring vivid, distressing memories and nightmares; also often entails laser-focused attention on possible threats, hostility, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and trouble sleeping

44
Q

PTSD

A

posttraumatic stress disorder; a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-relatead stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic experience

45
Q

Causes of trauma and stressor related disorders

A

the experience or trauma or stress

46
Q

Feeding and eating disorders

A

a group of disorders characterized by altered consumption or absorption of food that impairs health or psychological functioning

47
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

an eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight, and has an inaccurate self-perception; sometimes accopmpanied by excessive exercise

48
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

an eating disorder in which a person’s binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight-loss-promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

49
Q

Causes of feeding and eating disorders

A

A mix of genetics, environment, and social factors play a role in the development of eating disorders

50
Q

Personality disorders

A

a group of disorders characterized by enduring inner experiences or behavior patterns that differ from someone’s cultural norms and expectations, are pervasive and inflexible, begin in adolescence or early adulthood, are stable over time, and cause distress or impairment

51
Q

Cluster A

A

one cluster of personality disorders; people appear eccentric or odd, as in the suspiciousness of paranoid personality disorder; the social detachment of schizoid personality disorder; or the magical thinking of schizotypal personality disorder

52
Q

Cluster B

A

one cluster of personality disorders; people appear dramatic, emotional, or erratic, as in the unstable, attention-getting borderline personality disorder; the self-focused and self-inflating narcissistic personality disorder; the excessively emotional histrionic personality disorder; and the callous, and often dangerous, antisocial personality disorder

53
Q

Cluster C

A

one cluster of personality disorders; people appear anxious or fearful, as in the fearful sensitivity to rejection that predisposes the withdrawn avoidant personality disorder; the clinging behavior of dependent personality disorder; and the preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control that characterized obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

54
Q

Causes of personality disorders

A

“caused by a combination of genetics and environmental factors.
Some research suggests that genetics may make it more likely that someone will develop a personality disorder. For example, twin studies suggest that genetics may account for about half of the risk of developing borderline personality disorder.
Early environmental influences
These can include traumatic experiences, abuse, neglect, or other distressing childhood experiences.”

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