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BIOM1070 > Module 4: Musculoskeletal system: skeletal system > Flashcards

Module 4: Musculoskeletal system: skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

how many bones do we have?

A

206

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2
Q

what are the components of the skeletal system?

A
  1. bones
  2. cartilage
  3. ligaments
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3
Q

what is the funtion of the skeletal system?

A
  1. support and protection
  2. movement
  3. storage
  4. produce red blood cells in the bone marrow
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4
Q

what are the 5 shapes of bones?

A
  1. Long: humerus
  2. flat: skull
  3. short: carpals
  4. irregular: vertebrae
  5. sesamoid: patellar
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5
Q

what are the 2 layers of bones?

A
  1. compact: dense outer layer, resists and produces force
  2. spongy: made of small trabeculae
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6
Q

what is compact bone sandwiched between?

A

connective tissue membrane
1. periosteum
2. endosteum

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7
Q

what is the periosteum?

A

a membrane that covers the outside of compact bone

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8
Q

what is the endosteum?

A

a membrane that covers the inside of compact bone

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9
Q

what are the features of long bone?

A
  1. Epiphysis: very end of the bone
  2. metaphysis: neck of bone
  3. diaphysis: middle shaft of bone
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10
Q

what is the diaphysis of the long bone?

A

the tubular shaft that forms the long axis

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11
Q

what is the epiphysis of the long bone?

A
  1. either end of the bones
  2. it has a proximal and distal end
  3. forms joints to create movement and levers
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12
Q

what are bone markings?

A

site of muscle, ligament and tendon attachment on external surfaces

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13
Q

what are openings on bones?

A

areas involved in joint formation or passages for vessels etc to pass through

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14
Q

what is a crest on bones?

A

a thin ridge, illiac crest on hip bone

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15
Q

what is tuberocity on bones?

A

large, rounded projection: ball joint

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16
Q

what is an epicondyle?

A

raised area, found on femur

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17
Q

what is a tubercle?

A

small round prjection, closer to the metaphysis on the femur

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18
Q

what is a trochanter?

A

blunt, large, irregulas process

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19
Q

what is a line on bones?

A

a narrow ridge

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20
Q

what is a fossa on bones?

A

shallow depression

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21
Q

what is a foramen?

A

opening for blood vessels

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22
Q

how many bones does the axial skeleton have?

A

80 bones in 3 regions

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23
Q

what are the 3 regions of the axial skeleton?

A
  1. skull
  2. vertebral column
  3. thoracic cage: ribs, thoracic vertrbrae and sternum
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24
Q

what is the function of the axial skeleton?

A
  1. forms longitudinal axis of body
  2. supports head, neck and trunk
  3. protects brain, spinal cords and thoracic organs
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25
Q

which systems does the skull accomodate?

A
  1. first part of respitaroy
  2. digestive
26
Q

what is the pterion?

A

spart of skull that that is above the ear, wealest part of the skull

27
Q

how many bones does the cranial region have?

A

8

28
Q

how many bones does the facial region have?

A

14

29
Q

list the 8 cranial bones

A
  1. Frontal
  2. sphenoid
  3. ethmoid (in between the eyes, under the nose ridge)
  4. temporal x2
  5. occipital
  6. parietal x2
30
Q

what are the 5 major regions of the vertebral column?

A
  1. cervical
  2. thoracic
  3. lumbar
  4. sacrum
  5. coccyx
31
Q

how many bones are in each spinal region?

A
  1. cervical - 7 (breakfast at 7)
  2. thoracic - 12 (lunch at 12)
  3. lumber - 5 (dinner at 5)
  4. sacrum - 5 (fused into 1)
  5. coccyx - 4 (fused into 1)
32
Q

what is the function of the vertebral column?

A
  1. provides surface area for muscle attachement
  2. supports and proects the spinal cord
  3. positions the head
  4. supports the upright position
33
Q

what are the 2 curvatures of the spine?

A
  1. primary: thoracic and sacral (convex)
  2. secondary: cervical and lumbar (concave)
34
Q

what are the 3 abnormal curvatures?

A
  1. scoliosis (sideways)
  2. kyphosis (hunchback)
  3. lordosis (belly pushed out)
35
Q

what are the main features of rgw cervical vertebrae?

A
  1. 7 of them
  2. C1 is call atlas
  3. C2 is called axis
  4. has short bifid spinous process (except C7)
  5. has a large vertbral foramen
  6. has a small oval body
36
Q

what are the main features of the thoracic vertebrae?

A
  1. 12 of them
  2. large transverse process
  3. spinious process is inferior
  4. small vertebral foramen
  5. heart shaped body
  6. has facets for articulation to the ribs
37
Q

what are the main features of the lumbar vertebrae?

A
  1. 5 of them
  2. short, flat spinous process
  3. small transverse process
  4. triangular vertebral foramen
  5. large body (weight bearing)
38
Q

what are the invertebral disks?

A

cushion like pads between the vertebrae that act as shock absorbers

39
Q

what are the 2 regions of the vertrbral column?

A
  1. nucleus pulposus: inner gelatinous nucleus (elasticity)
  2. anulus fibrosis ( outer collar composed of collagen and fibro cartilage
40
Q

how many ribs are there?

A

12 pairs

41
Q

how many true ribs are there?

A

7, ribs 1-7 are attached to the sternum directly

42
Q

how many false ribs are there?

A

5, ribs 8-12 are attached to 7, not the sternum

43
Q

what is the function of the ribs?

A
  1. protects vital organs
  2. supports shoulder girdles and upper limbs
  3. attachment sites for muscles of neck, back, chest and shoulders
44
Q

what is the primary function of the appendicular skeleton?

A

to position the hand in space and have fine dextric movement

45
Q

what does the pectoral girdle do?

A

connects to the axial skeleteon and provides extra mobility

46
Q

what is the glenohumeral joint?

A

shoulder joint

47
Q

which bones in the appendicular body allow for length?

A
  1. humerous
  2. forearm
  3. wrist
  4. among others
48
Q

what is in the pectoral girdle?

A
  1. clavical (collar bone)
  2. scapula (bone on back of shoulder)
49
Q

how many bones in the upper limbs?

A

30
arm: humerus
forearm: radius and ulna
hand: 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges

50
Q

what are phalagnes and how many do we have on our upper limb?

A

our fingers, distal (finger tips) intermdiate (middle part of fingers) and proximal (part of fingers closet to palm) 14 bones, thumb only has 2

51
Q

how many bones of each do we have in our hand?

A

8 carpals (palm)
5 metacarpals (palm)
14 phalanges (fingers)

52
Q

what is the primary function of the lower limbs?

A

weight bearing and locomotion

53
Q

what are the bones of the lower limbs?

A
  1. pelvic girdle
  2. hip joint
  3. femur
  4. knee joint
  5. patellar
  6. tibia
  7. fibula
  8. ankle and foot
54
Q

what are the bones of the pelvic girdle?

A
  1. sacrum and coccyx
  2. ilium x2 (superior)
  3. pubis x2 (inferiro to ilium and anterior)
  4. ischium x2 (inferior and anterior to pubis)
55
Q

what are the features of the coxal bone?

A
  1. ilium
  2. pubis
  3. ischium
56
Q

what are the bones of the foot called?

A

tarsals, same qty as carsals

57
Q

what is osteoperosis?

A

reduction in bone mass

58
Q

which biological gender is more likely to get oseoperosis?

A

females

59
Q

what can trigger osteoperosis?

A

menopause

60
Q

how can people with osteoperosis improve their symptoms?

A

resistance training

BIOM1070 (23 decks)

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