Carbons And Macromolecules

Question 1

What do compounds contain to be considered organic?

Answer 1

Carbon

Question 2

How many electronsn on the outer shell does carbon have?

Answer 2

4

Question 3

What are the 2 main shapes of carbon atoms?

Answer 3

1. Tetrahedral
2. Flat

Question 4

How can you tell how many bonds an element can form?

Answer 4

Count the number of electrons needed to fill the valence shell

Question 5

Where does the source of carbon come from for photosynthetic organisms?

Answer 5

CO2

Question 6

What variations can carbon chains come in?

Answer 6

1. Length
2. Straightness
3. Branching
4. Closed rings
5. Double bonds

Question 7

In a hydrocarbon chain how many hydrogens attach to the carbons?

Answer 7

As many as possible

Question 8

Why are hydrocarbons hydrophobic?

Answer 8

Because they are relatively non polar

Question 9

What happens when hydrocarbons go through reactions?

Answer 9

They release large amounts of energy

Question 10

Describe a hydrocarbon

Answer 10

A long hydrocarbon tail attached to a non hydrocarbon head, they can have kinks in them if there are double bonds across the carbon tail

Question 11

Name the 3 different isomers

Answer 11

Structural: differ in arrangement but all filled and same naming e.g. C2H12
Cis/trans: when the spare bonds are attached to another carbon moleculer, either on the same side or alternative sides
Enamtiomer: when the same isomers are mirrored, can’t be superimposed on each other

Question 12

What is an isomer?

Answer 12

When the layout of the organic molecule that has the same number of atoms and elements but a different structure

Question 13

What is polarity?

Answer 13

When there is an uneven charge around a molecule due to its composition or structure

Question 14

How can you tell when something is polar?

Answer 14

Look at the atoms involved, larger atoms will have a stronger polarity than smaller ones. E.g. chlorine is strong than hydrogen. They share the electron unevenly

Question 15

How does oxygen enter the cell and why?

Answer 15

Oxygen is small and non polar so it can pass through the phospholipid bilayer via passive diffusion into the cell.

Question 16

How do sodium ions enter a cell?

Answer 16

Sodium ions are polar so they need to go through a protein channel. It goes through a sodium channel via facilitated diffusion down its gradient and into the cell.

E.g. potassium sodium pump or the sodium glucose transporter

Question 17

How does glucose enter the cell?

Answer 17

Glucose is both large and polar so it needs to go though a glucose transporter, which is a protein channel. The glucose passes by facilitated diffusion but the channel requires energy to push the glucose down its gradient into the cell

Question 18

What is a carbohydrate?

Answer 18

A lipid