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BIOM1070 > Module 3: Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Module 3: Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) made?

A

In the choroid plexus (roof of ventricles)

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2
Q

What areas of the brain does the central sulcus seperate?

A

The frontal from the parietal lobe

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3
Q

what are the components of the CNS?

A
  1. spinal cord
  2. brain
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4
Q

what is the fuction of the CNS?

A

integrating signals and performing high cognitive fuctions

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5
Q

what cells are in the CNS?

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Neuroglia
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6
Q

what do neurons do in the CNS?

A

they are excitable cells that transmit electrical signals via synapses. They are the basic functional unit of the nervous system

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7
Q

what do neuroglia do in the CNS?

A

they are supporting cells, there’s 10x more than neurons, they support and insulate the neurons

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8
Q

what part of the neuron is grey matter?

A

the soma of the neuron

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9
Q

what part of the neuron is white matter?

A

the axon of the cell

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10
Q

name the 3 major regions of the brain

A
  1. cerebral hemisphere
  2. cerebellum
  3. brain stem
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11
Q

what are the 3 features of the brain stem?

A
  1. diencephalon
  2. pons
  3. medulla oblongata
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12
Q

what seperates the brain left to right?

A

the longitudinal fissure

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13
Q

what seperates the brain front to back?

A

the central sulcus

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14
Q

what’s the difference between a fissure and sulcus?

A

fissure=deep
sulcus=shallow

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15
Q

what is the name of the region ajacent to the central sulcus?

A
  1. precentral gyrus: motor
  2. postcentral gyrus: sensory
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16
Q

what % of brain is the cerebrum?

A

83%

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17
Q

what are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum?

A
  1. frontal
  2. parietal
  3. temporal
  4. occipital
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18
Q

what’s the name of the fissure that seperates the cerebrum to the cerebellum?

A

transverse cerebral fissure

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19
Q

what is the fuction of the frontal lobe?

A

primary motor area: voluntary movements

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20
Q

what is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

primary somasensory area: proprioception: awareness of own body

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21
Q

what does proprioception mean?

A

awareness of own body

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22
Q

what is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

primary visual cortex - sight

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23
Q

what is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

primary auditory cortex - hearing

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24
Q

what are the 3 matters of the cerebrum

A
  1. grey matter
  2. white matter
  3. Basal Nuclei: deep grey matter
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25
Q

how do the hemispheres interact?

A

contralaterally

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26
Q

what are the 3 functional areas of the cerebrum?

A
  1. motor area
  2. sensory area
  3. association area
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27
Q

what is the function of the motor area?

A

controls voluntary movement

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28
Q

what is the function of the sensory area?

A

concious awareness of self

29
Q

what is the function of the assosiation area?

A

relays information between the motor area and sensory area through multiple inputs and outputs, via multiple sites of the brain

30
Q

what is the left hemisphere dominantly in control of?

A

speech, writing, maths, logical processes and the right eye

31
Q

what is the right hemisphere donimantly in control of?

A

how we are in the world, touch, spatial awareness, artistic, left eye

31
Q

what is the right hemisphere dominantly in control of?

A

how we are in the world, touch, spatial awareness, artistic, left eye

32
Q

what does dominant mean in the brain?

A

which side is used more e.g. left handed=right brain dominant

33
Q

what are the 3 fibers in white matter of the brain?

A
  1. association: connect different parts of the same hemisphere
  2. commisural: connect grey areas of 2 different hemispheres (run transversly across the hemispheres, corpus callosum biggest)
  3. projection: veritcal tracts that connect the cerebral cortex with subcoritcal structures. (sensory and control motors move through these)
34
Q

what is the function of the basal nuclei?

A
  1. receives input from from entire cerebral cortex
  2. controls skeletal muscle, cognition and emotion
35
Q

list the features of the basal nuclei?

A
  1. caudate nucleus
  2. putamen
  3. globus pallidus
    3.5. globus pallidus+tail of caudate nucleus=lentiform nucleus
36
Q

what is the function of the basal nuclei?

A

unknown

37
Q

what disease can occur if the basal nuclei breakdown?

A

parkinsons

38
Q

what are the features of the diencephalon?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
  3. epithalamus
39
Q

what is the feature of the thalamus?

A
  1. 80%
  2. many groups of nuclei that relay different types of sensory information to the cortex
  3. motor and limbic connections to the cortex
40
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A
  1. homeostatis
  2. autonomic actions
  3. emotions
  4. body temperature
  5. food intake and thirst
  6. sleep-wake cycles
  7. hormone control
  8. major part of the endocrine system
41
Q

what gland does the hypothalamus work with to control hormones and work within the endocrine system?

A

pituitary gland

42
Q

what is the function of the epithalamus?

A
  1. control of melatonin
  2. day/night cycles
43
Q

what gland does the epithalamus work with?

A
  1. pineal gland
  2. posterior commisure
44
Q

what are the 4 features of the brain stem?

A
  1. midbrain
  2. pons
  3. medulla oblongatta
  4. cerebellum aka little brain
45
Q

what is the function of the midbrain?

A
  1. visual and auditory informtaion
  2. reflexes associated with sight and sound
46
Q

what is the function of the pons?

A

respiration

47
Q

what is the directionality of the pons neurons?

A

ascending and decending, as well as transverse to link the cerebellum

48
Q

where is the medulla oblongatta?

A
  1. most inferior
  2. joins spinal cord with brain at foramen magnum (hole in skull)
49
Q

what is the function of the medulla oblongatta?

A
  1. autonomic reflex centre e.g. hiccups, breathing, heart rate etc.
50
Q

what are the features of the cerebellum

A
  1. “little brain”
  2. second largest brain structure
  3. folds are call folia
  4. connects hemispheres by the vermis
  5. connects brain stem via the cerebellar peduncles
51
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A
  1. equillibrium
  2. balance and coordinations of movement
  3. uses the inner ear for information as well
52
Q

where is the spinal cord?

A
  1. connected to the medulla oblongatta
  2. enclosed in the vertebral column
  3. about 42cm long
53
Q

what is the function of the spinal cord?

A

2 way communication to and from the brain and body

54
Q

where do reflex reactions go?

A

they are initiated and completed in the spinal cord, not to the brain but ends at the conus medullaris (L1/L2: about belly button height)

55
Q

what are the features of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Conus medularis
  2. cauda equina
  3. fillum terminal
56
Q

which parts of the spinal cord anchors it to the skeleton?

A
  1. fillum terminal
  2. cauda equina
57
Q

what is the job of the dorsal root?

A
  1. receives information (afferent)
  2. sensory, touch etc
  3. if required sends information to brain
58
Q

what is the job of the ventral root?

A
  1. reads information and reacts (efferent)
  2. motor signals, has myelinated and unmyelinated fibers
59
Q

what are the 3 levels of protection for the CNS?

A
  1. meninges
  2. blood brain barrier
  3. cerebrospinal fluid
60
Q

what are the 3 major types of meninges?

A
  1. dura mater (superficial)
  2. arachnoid mater (middle)
  3. pia mater (innermost)
61
Q

what are the features of the dura mater?

A
  1. double layered, outer layer fused to periosteum
  2. dual venous sinuses between 2 layers (collect venous (deox) blood to go back to body)
  3. is a part of the dural folds (septa)
62
Q

what are the features of the arachnoid mater?

A
  1. cobweb like in form (trabeculae)
  2. attached to the pia
  3. provides cushioning
  4. filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the subarachnoid space
63
Q

what are the features of the pia mater?

A
  1. follows the contours of the brain
  2. has lots of blood vessels to provide nutrients to the brain
  3. takes away harmful chemicals
64
Q

where else are the 3 meninges found?

A

around the spinal cord

65
Q

what is the blood brain barrier?

A
  1. blood vessels cover the brain and act as a gateway.
  2. lining of blood vessels is called endothelial cells
  3. endothelial cells are very closely connected to cell junctions
66
Q

what does the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) do?

A
  1. acts as an airbag for the brain and spinal cord against physical and chemical injury
  2. carried oxygen, glucose and other important substances from blood to nervous tissue
  3. moves around via the ventricles
67
Q

how many ventricles does the CSF have?

A
  1. lateral ventricle x2
  2. third ventricle
  3. fourth ventricle

BIOM1070 (23 decks)

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