ATP and Energy Flashcards
What products do we get after glycolysis?
2 Pyruvate + 2x H2O
4 ATP (2 are used to break bonds so we end up with 2)
2 NADH + 2H+
Which enzyme makes ATP?
ATP synthase
What is exergonic?
A spontaneous action that expels energy
What is endergonic?
A non spontaneous reaction where energy is required
What is the process called to use ATP?
ATP breakage or ATP hydrolysis
Is ATP breakage exergonic or endergonic?
Exergonic
What is ATP made up of?
- Adenine
- Ribose
- Phosphate group (negatively charged due to oxygen bonds)
How is ATP bonded together?
Covalently
Where does the energy come from in ATP?
It comes from when particles are hydrolyzed, the negatively charged electrons not being around each other any more, not from the breakage
Where is ATP made?
It is made within the mitochondria membrane and inner motochondria through the process of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric cycle and Oxidative phosphorylation where ultimately the ATP synthase makes the majority of the ATP at the end of this process
What is the complete process of making ATP called?
Respiration
What is the chemical formula of ATP being made? (Respiration)
Sugar+oxygen= carbon dioxide + water+ ATP
C⁶H¹²O⁶ + 6O² = 6CO² + 6H²O + ATP (30-32)
How much ATP is made per molecule of glucose?
Maximum 32
What are the 4 processes involved to create ATP?
- Glycolysis
- pyruvate oxidation
- Citric acid Cycle
- Oxidative phosphorylation
What are the 2 electron carriers called in ATP respiration?
- NADH
- FADH²
What is glycolysis?
Cutting 1 glucose into 2 pyruvates
What is the name of either electron carriers?
Nicotinamides
What’s the difference between the 2 NADHs?
1 NAD+ hasn’t accepted a hydrogen electron so doesn’t have spare energy
2. NADH has accepted a hydrogen and has energy to spend
What is the activation energy barrier?
It’s a barrier in ATP creation that stops the cell from blowing up and releasing all the energy all at once
How many ATP are consumes to break glucose?
2 ATP are consumed to break glucose into 2 3-carbon sugars
Where does glycolysis happen?
Outside the mitochondria
What is another name for the citric acid cycle?
- Krab cycle
- TCA cycle
When is pyruvate converted into acetyl CoA?
As it enters the mitochondrion
what is the final receptor in the Oxydative Phosphorylation?
Oxygen
what is a terminal acceptor?
it is the final destination for the NADH and FADH² electrons to join with O² and form H²O
what is the name and function of the 2 mobile carriers?
- Ubiquinone and Cytochrome C
- they rapidly move the electrons between the large protein complexes within the electron transport chain.
how many protein complexes are there during the electron transport chain and where do the electrons shed?
- 4
- NADH deposits it’s protons at the first complex
- FADH2 deposits it’s protons at the second complex
where do the protons go during the Electron transport chain?
through the protein complexes into the mitochondria’s intermembrane space
name the 4 parts to the enzyme ATP synthase
- Stator
- Rotor
- internal rod
- catalytic knob
describe the process of hydrogen ions into ATP through ATP synthase
- H+ flows down the gradient from the mitochondira membrane space into the stator, which is anchored to the membrane
- H+ changes shape and binds to the rotor, the shape change causes the rotor to rotate
- H+ makes a complete revolution, goes into the stator and leaves through a second channel into the mitochondira matrix
- the spinning rotor causes the internal rod to spin on the static catalyic knob
- the process of the rod moving on the knob activates the knob and ADP+P is converted into ATP
what is created during pyruvate oxidation?
2 Acetyl CoA
2 CO2
2 NADH
what is created in the citric acid cycle?
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP
4 CO2
what is created during oxidative phosphorylation?
30-32 ATP
describe the process of glycolysis
glycolysis happens outside of the mitochondria, in the cytosol where glucose is taken from the blood and prepared for breakage by phosphorylation, 2 ATP are used in this process. the glucose is broken down into 2x pyruvate, 2x H2O, 4x ATP (2 used), 2x NADH and 2x hydrogen ions
describe the process of pyruvate oxidation
pyruvate oxidation happens inside the mitochondria where the 2 pyruvate are broken down into 2 Acetyl CoA, during this process 2CO2 and 2 NADH are also created, the CO2 is diffused out of the mitochondria
describe the process of the citric (Krebs) acid cycle
the citric acid cycle takes the 2 acetyl CoA and creates 6 NADH, 2FADH2, 2 ATP and 4CO2
describe the process of oxidative phosphorylation
FADH2 and NADH move rapidly through the electron transport chain (ETC) through the mobile carriers ubiquinone and cytochrome C. As they move through the ETC they send a H+ into the unidirectional protein complexes to be pushed up the gradient into the mitochondrial membrane space. At the end of the ETC is the terminal receptor, this is where they bond with oxygen and form H2O, the ETC process cannot happen if there is no oxygen present.
As H+ is pushed into the mitochondrial space pressure is created, this pressure pushes the H+ into the ATP synthase down the gradient to create 30-32 ATP (see card about ATP synthase for description)
how many enzyme reactions occur during respiration?
24
what is FADH2 and NADH?
nicotinamides
