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BIOM1070 > Eukaryotic cells > Flashcards

Eukaryotic cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the brain of a cell?

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

Name the 4 components of a nucleus

A
  1. Nucleolus
  2. Chromatin
  3. Nuclear envelope (double membrane)
  4. pores
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3
Q

what does the nucleus store?

A
  1. DNA
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4
Q

What is the job of the nucleolus?

A
  1. to produce ribosomes
  2. to pass on genetic material
  3. to translate DNA into proteins
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5
Q

can nucleus have more than 1 nucleolus?

A

yes

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6
Q

are ribosomes found in Prokaryotic cells?

A

yes

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7
Q

name the 2 sites ribosomes are found

A
  1. floating in the cytoplasm, in groups called polyribsomes
  2. bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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8
Q

what is the job of a ribosome?

A

to carry out protein synthesis

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9
Q

Name the 10 biological hierachies

A
  1. Biosphere
  2. Ecosystems (dictated by weather systems)
  3. communities: varying species working together or against
  4. populations
  5. organisms
  6. organs
  7. tissues
  8. cells
  9. organelles
  10. molecules
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10
Q

What is life?

A
  1. order
  2. adapt to environment
  3. respond to environment
  4. regulate cellular and body processes: eat and use it
  5. grow and develop
  6. reproduce
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11
Q

what does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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12
Q

what is central dogma?

A

once information gets into a protein it can’t get back out again
DNA-RNA and back again
RNA-protein “if you eat a steak you don’t become a cow”

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13
Q

what are the features of the cell membrane?

A
  1. lipid bilayers: Phosopholipid (grey+gold)
  2. Hydrophilic layers outside of membrane (grey)
  3. hydrophobic inside of membrane (gold)
  4. semi permeable
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14
Q

what does the acronym ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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15
Q

what is ATP? (Not what it stands for)

A

form of energy from breaking down sugars, fats and other fuels

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16
Q

What does LUCA stand for?

A

Last universal common ancestor

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17
Q

which domain of LUCA is harmless to us?

A

Domain Archaea

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18
Q

what are the 3 domains of LUCA?

A
  1. bacteria
  2. archaea
  3. eukarya
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19
Q

which of LUCA are prokaryotes?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
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20
Q

which of LUCA are eukaryotes?

A

Eukarya

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21
Q

how long ago was LUCA?

A

2.8 million years ago

22
Q

What are the unique features of animal cells?

A
  1. lysosomes
  2. centrioles
  3. flagellas (also in some plant sperm)
23
Q

what are the unique features of plant cells?

A
  1. chloroplasts
  2. central vacuole
  3. cell wall
  4. plasmodesma (like membrane pores)
24
Q

describe the endoplasmic reticulum and it’s job

A
  1. Smoothe ER - detoxifies medication and other toxins, cytochrome P450 sits on it as well
  2. Rough ER - translates specific mRNA to make it a specialised protein and send to golgi network
25
Q

describe the Golgi apparatus

A
  1. layers of cisternae (flattened sacks, looks like stacked pitta) which are not connected
  2. receives (cis) and dispataches (trans) vesicles and the products they contain
  3. as the golgi cisternae grows they go from cis to trans and carry some proteins along
26
Q

Describe the job of the mitochondria

A
  1. the respiratory centre of the cell
  2. creates fuel by breaking down sugars to take the energy to make ATP
    C⁶H¹²O⁶+6O²=6CO²+6H²O+ATP (30-32)
27
Q

describe the chloroplasts

A
  1. Plastid
  2. plant version of mitchondria
  3. Thykaloids: disks
  4. Granums: stacks of thykaloids
    5.Stroma: liquid that granums
    float around in
  5. circular DNA
  6. has ribosomes
28
Q

describe the cytoskeleton

A
  1. gives shape and structure to cell using microtubules, intermediate filaments and microfilaments
29
Q

describe the central vacuole

A
  1. mainly in plants, about 30% volume
  2. holds water, enzymes, ions, pigments and toxic metabolic byproducts
  3. storage bag
  4. Holds cell tugor pressure
30
Q

what is transcription?

A

the re-writing of DNA to RNA

31
Q

what is translation?

A

translating RNA into proteins, happens after transcription “gene expression”

32
Q

What is gene expression?

A

The sequence of nucleotides along a gene being transcribed to mRNA, then translated into a protein block of amino acids, which are then folded to create a protein

33
Q

What is a geonome?

A

The entire “library” of genetic instructions of an organism

34
Q

What is genomics?

A

Researching entire sets of genes or other DNA in one or more species

35
Q

What is the length of most plant and animal cells?

A

10-100 micrometers 10(-3)mm

36
Q

What are the similarities of all cells?

A
  1. Cytosol/cytoplasm
  2. Cell membrane
  3. Chromosomes
  4. Ribosomes
37
Q

What is the equation to find the volume? Of 1 cell

A

Heightxwidthxlength

38
Q

What is the equation to find the surface area of 1 cell?

A

Height x width of 1 side x 6 sides

39
Q

What is the equation for surface area-to-volume ratio?

A

Surface area÷volume

40
Q

What is the formula for diameter?

A

Diameter=2×radius

41
Q

What is the formula for volume of a sphere?

A

Volume=4/3 x pi x radius cubed

42
Q

What is the formula for the surface area of a sphere?

A

Area=4×pi×radius squared

43
Q

What is cellulose made of?

A

Polymerized glucose

44
Q

What is the conjugate acid of H2O?

A

H3O+

45
Q

How many pyruvate molecules are produced per glucose during respiration?

A

2

46
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Break down bone

47
Q

Name the features of the ribosome

A
  1. Large subunit
  2. Small subunit
48
Q

Name the 6 structures of mitochondria

A
  1. Cristae
  2. DNA
  3. Matrix
  4. Ribosomes
  5. Intermembrane space
  6. Outer membrane
49
Q

Name the 8 structures of chloroplasts

A
  1. Outer membrane
  2. Intermembrane space
  3. Inner membrane
  4. Stroma: fluid in cell
  5. DNA
  6. Ribosomes
  7. Granum: stack of thykakoids
  8. Thykakoid: storage of energy for photosynthesis
50
Q

Name the 3 structures of the plant cell wall

A
  1. Secondary cells walls
  2. Primary cell walls
  3. Middle lamella

BIOM1070 (23 decks)

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