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BIOM1070 > Module 2 structural organisation > Flashcards

Module 2 structural organisation Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 8 divisions of anatomy?

A
  1. Regional: specific area and all of it’s layers
  2. systemic: whole systems
  3. surface: skin, landmarks and structures under skin to give physical form
  4. functional: organ working within it’s physiology
  5. comparitve: compare humans to other vertebrates
  6. developmental: how the body changes over its lifespan
  7. embryology: before birth
  8. pathological: disease
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2
Q

What constitutes an Anatomical Position?

A
  1. standing upright
  2. feet firmly on the floor, facing forward
  3. arms hanging by the side
  4. thumbs outward
  5. palms forward
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3
Q

how many degrees is the anatomical position?

A

0 degrees

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4
Q

why do we have the anatomical position?

A

so there’s a consistent position of the body so everyone observing the body understand what’s being described

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5
Q

what is the position of lying down, face up, palms down?

A

supine

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6
Q

what is the position of lying face down, palms up?

A

prone

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7
Q

what is in the axial region?

A
  1. head
  2. neck
  3. trunk
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8
Q

what is in the appendicular region?

A
  1. upper limbs
  2. lower limbs
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9
Q

what is the name of the cavity that holds the brain?

A

Cranial cavity

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10
Q

what is the name of the cavity that holds the spine?

A

vertebral cavity

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11
Q

what is the name of the cavity that is within the chest?

A

Thoracic cavity

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12
Q

what subsections are in the thoracic cavity?

A
  1. superior mediastinum
  2. pleural cavity
  3. pericardial cavity
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13
Q

what is the cavity below the chest but above the hips?

A

abdominal cavity

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14
Q

what is the cavity in the hips?

A

pelvic cavity

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15
Q

what does viscera mean?

A

organs

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16
Q

what is the term for toward the front of the body?

A

anterior

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17
Q

what is the term for away from the body?

A

Lateral

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18
Q

what is the term for above a point of reference?

A

superior or cranial

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19
Q

what is the term for below the point of reference?

A

inferior or caudal

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20
Q

what is the word for closer to the surface of the body?

A

superficial

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21
Q

what is the term for closer to the inside of the body?

A

deep

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22
Q

what is the term for towards the midline?

A

medial

23
Q

what is the term for away from the midline?

A

lateral

24
Q

what is the term, in reference to appendages to be above a point of reference?

A

proximal

25
Q

what is the term, in reference to appendages to be below a point of reference?

A

distal

26
Q

what as the prefixes to lateral?

A

uni: one sided
bi: 2 sided
ipsi: 2 points, same side
contra: 2 points, opposite side

27
Q

what are the 4 major planes?

A
  1. sagittal: cut in half to be a left and right
  2. parasagittal: cut in half, unevenly to be a left and right
  3. coronal (frontal): cut in half to have a front and back
  4. transverse: cut in half superior to inferior
28
Q

which axes pair to which planes?

A

sagittal plane-coronal axis
coronal plane-sagittal axis
transverse plane-longitudinal axis

29
Q

where does movement occur?

A

within a plane and around an axis

30
Q

how does the body move on the sagittal plane on the coronal axis?

A

forward and backward movement, along the plane, through the axis

31
Q

how would you describe a flexion?

A

a movement through the sagittal plane that decreases the angle between 2 structures.
e.g. moving the hand to the shoulder by keeping the elbow in the anatomical position.

32
Q

how you you describe an extension?

A

a movement through the sagittal plane that increases the angle between 2 structures.
e.g. placing a raised foot in front of you back into the anatomical position

33
Q

how would you describe hyperextension?

A

a movement through the sagittal plane that goes through the midline of the plane and backwards
e.g. leaning your head backwards

34
Q

what is a dorsiflexion?

A

raising your toes above your heel

35
Q

what is a plantarflexion?

A

stretching your toes below your heel so the dorsal of your foot and ankle are straight

36
Q

how would you describe lateral flexion?

A

moving the axial region left to right through the sagittal plane

37
Q

which plane and axis would you find lateral flexion?

A

coronal plane, sagittal axis

38
Q

how would you describe abduction?

A

a movement through the coronal plane that moves away from the midline
e.g. raising your arm above your head from the anatomical position

39
Q

how would you describe adduction?

A

a movement through the coronal plane that moves towards from the midline
e.g. lowering your arm from above your head back to the anatomical position

40
Q

what is the correct term for spreading your fingers?

A

abduction

41
Q

what is the term for placing your fingers together after they’ve been spread apart?

A

adduction

42
Q

describe inversion

A

rotating the foot from the anatomical position towards the body so the blade of the foot it near the floor and the big toe is raised

43
Q

describe eversion

A

rotating the foot from the anatomical position away from the body so the big toe is near the floor and the blade of the foot is raised

44
Q

which plane and axis would your find lateral rotation?

A

within the transverse plane and longitudinal axis

45
Q

describe lateral rotation

A

rotating a body part from the anatomical position, away from the midline
e.g. moving a foot from the anatomical position to 90 degrees out to the right

46
Q

describe medial rotation

A

rotating a body part back to the midline after it has been laterally rotated
e.g. moving a foot pointing 90 degrees to the right back to anatomical position

47
Q

describe rotation

A

moving the face from left to right through the longitudinal axis

48
Q

describe supination in arms

A

when the hand and arm is in the anatomical position

49
Q

describe pronation in arms

A

when the palm is backwards and the thumb towards the body

50
Q

give an example of depression/elevation

A

shrugging your shoulders
up: elevation
down: depression

51
Q

give an example of protraction and retraction

A

moving shoulders forward and backward
shoulders hunched forwards: protraction
shoulders pushed back, should blades close together: retraction

52
Q

describe opposition

A

the movment of touching your fingers with your thumb

53
Q

describe circumduction

A

forming a cone shaped movement with an appendage or head

BIOM1070 (23 decks)

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