Module 2 structural organisation Flashcards
what are the 8 divisions of anatomy?
- Regional: specific area and all of it’s layers
- systemic: whole systems
- surface: skin, landmarks and structures under skin to give physical form
- functional: organ working within it’s physiology
- comparitve: compare humans to other vertebrates
- developmental: how the body changes over its lifespan
- embryology: before birth
- pathological: disease
What constitutes an Anatomical Position?
- standing upright
- feet firmly on the floor, facing forward
- arms hanging by the side
- thumbs outward
- palms forward
how many degrees is the anatomical position?
0 degrees
why do we have the anatomical position?
so there’s a consistent position of the body so everyone observing the body understand what’s being described
what is the position of lying down, face up, palms down?
supine
what is the position of lying face down, palms up?
prone
what is in the axial region?
- head
- neck
- trunk
what is in the appendicular region?
- upper limbs
- lower limbs
what is the name of the cavity that holds the brain?
Cranial cavity
what is the name of the cavity that holds the spine?
vertebral cavity
what is the name of the cavity that is within the chest?
Thoracic cavity
what subsections are in the thoracic cavity?
- superior mediastinum
- pleural cavity
- pericardial cavity
what is the cavity below the chest but above the hips?
abdominal cavity
what is the cavity in the hips?
pelvic cavity
what does viscera mean?
organs
what is the term for toward the front of the body?
anterior
what is the term for away from the body?
Lateral
what is the term for above a point of reference?
superior or cranial
what is the term for below the point of reference?
inferior or caudal
what is the word for closer to the surface of the body?
superficial
what is the term for closer to the inside of the body?
deep
what is the term for towards the midline?
medial
what is the term for away from the midline?
lateral
what is the term, in reference to appendages to be above a point of reference?
proximal
what is the term, in reference to appendages to be below a point of reference?
distal
what as the prefixes to lateral?
uni: one sided
bi: 2 sided
ipsi: 2 points, same side
contra: 2 points, opposite side
what are the 4 major planes?
- sagittal: cut in half to be a left and right
- parasagittal: cut in half, unevenly to be a left and right
- coronal (frontal): cut in half to have a front and back
- transverse: cut in half superior to inferior
which axes pair to which planes?
sagittal plane-coronal axis
coronal plane-sagittal axis
transverse plane-longitudinal axis
where does movement occur?
within a plane and around an axis
how does the body move on the sagittal plane on the coronal axis?
forward and backward movement, along the plane, through the axis
how would you describe a flexion?
a movement through the sagittal plane that decreases the angle between 2 structures.
e.g. moving the hand to the shoulder by keeping the elbow in the anatomical position.
how you you describe an extension?
a movement through the sagittal plane that increases the angle between 2 structures.
e.g. placing a raised foot in front of you back into the anatomical position
how would you describe hyperextension?
a movement through the sagittal plane that goes through the midline of the plane and backwards
e.g. leaning your head backwards
what is a dorsiflexion?
raising your toes above your heel
what is a plantarflexion?
stretching your toes below your heel so the dorsal of your foot and ankle are straight
how would you describe lateral flexion?
moving the axial region left to right through the sagittal plane
which plane and axis would you find lateral flexion?
coronal plane, sagittal axis
how would you describe abduction?
a movement through the coronal plane that moves away from the midline
e.g. raising your arm above your head from the anatomical position
how would you describe adduction?
a movement through the coronal plane that moves towards from the midline
e.g. lowering your arm from above your head back to the anatomical position
what is the correct term for spreading your fingers?
abduction
what is the term for placing your fingers together after they’ve been spread apart?
adduction
describe inversion
rotating the foot from the anatomical position towards the body so the blade of the foot it near the floor and the big toe is raised
describe eversion
rotating the foot from the anatomical position away from the body so the big toe is near the floor and the blade of the foot is raised
which plane and axis would your find lateral rotation?
within the transverse plane and longitudinal axis
describe lateral rotation
rotating a body part from the anatomical position, away from the midline
e.g. moving a foot from the anatomical position to 90 degrees out to the right
describe medial rotation
rotating a body part back to the midline after it has been laterally rotated
e.g. moving a foot pointing 90 degrees to the right back to anatomical position
describe rotation
moving the face from left to right through the longitudinal axis
describe supination in arms
when the hand and arm is in the anatomical position
describe pronation in arms
when the palm is backwards and the thumb towards the body
give an example of depression/elevation
shrugging your shoulders
up: elevation
down: depression
give an example of protraction and retraction
moving shoulders forward and backward
shoulders hunched forwards: protraction
shoulders pushed back, should blades close together: retraction
describe opposition
the movment of touching your fingers with your thumb
describe circumduction
forming a cone shaped movement with an appendage or head
