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BIOM1070 > DNA, protein And The Central Dogma > Flashcards

DNA, protein And The Central Dogma Flashcards

1
Q

Which nucleotides pair together?

A

Adenine-Thymine (or Uracil for RNA)
Guanine-Cytosine

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2
Q

What is the job of the helicase?

A

Break the parental double helix at the separation fork

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3
Q

Which enzyme unzips DNA?

A

Helicase

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4
Q

What stabilises the unwound DNA?

A

Binding protein

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5
Q

What does the binding protein do?

A

Stabilises the template strands

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6
Q

Why is DNA replication called semi conservative?

A

Because one strand is made up of conserved DNA

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7
Q

What is the job of a topoisomerase?

A

To break, swivel and rejoin the parental strand to fix it being too wound up

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8
Q

Which enzyme fixes the DNA being too wound up?

A

Topoisomerase

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9
Q

What does the primase do?

A

Places a RNA primer to begin synthesis of the okazaki fragment for a lagging strand and a single RNA primer on the leading strand

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10
Q

Which enzyme places the primers for the Okazaki fragments?

A

Primase

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11
Q

What does DNA polymerase 3 do?

A

Leading: continuously synthesises in the 5’ 3’ direction
Lagging: synthesises fragments by finding the RNA primer and completing the Okazaki fragment

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12
Q

What does polymerase 1 do?

A

Removes the RNA primer from the 5’ fragment and replaceling it with nucleotides, leaving the end open

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13
Q

Which enzyme removes the primer and replaces it with nucleotides?

A

DNA polymerase 1

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14
Q

What does DNA ligase do?

A

Leading: joins the open 3’ and 5’ ends together
Lagging: does the same within the Okazaki fragments

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15
Q

Which enzyme joins the 3’ and 5’ together in DNA synthesis?

A

DNA Ligase

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16
Q

What bond holds DNA nucleotides together?

A

A weak hydrogen bond (not covalent)

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17
Q

Why is DNA held together with a weak hydrogen bond?

A

Because DNA needs to break apart and remake itself a lot, so the bond needs to be easy to break and reattach together, using minimal energy

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18
Q

How many hydrogen bonds does Thymine and Adenine have?

A

2 hydrogen bonds

19
Q

How many hydrogen bonds does Guanine and Cytosine have?

A

3 hydrogen bonds

20
Q

Name the 5 nucleotides

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil

21
Q

What are the 2 sugars?

A

Deoxribose (DNA)
Ribose (RNA)

22
Q

What is the name of the 2 nitrogenous bases?

A

Pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine, uracil

Purines: adenine, guanine

23
Q

How do nitrogenous bases pair together? (Think p and p)

A

Purine to Pyrimidine because the width of them together will fit in the 2nm diameter of the double helix.

2x purine together is too wide
2x pyrimidine is too narrow

24
Q

What are the steps to the central dogma in DNA?

A
  1. DNA transcribes pre mRNA inside the nucleus
  2. Pre mRNA is made into mRNA and pushed out of the nucleus, into the cytoplasm
  3. Ribosomes then translate it to polypeptides, which, when long enough become proteins
25
Q

What is the start codon?

26
Q

How many steps in the central dogma does RNA have?

A
  1. Transcription
  2. Translation
    They happen simultaneously
27
Q

How many steps in the central dogma does DNA have?

A
  1. Transcription
  2. RNA processing
  3. Translation
28
Q

What is a promotor?

A

A sticky part of DNA that allows a polymerase moelcule to bind to it

29
Q

What is a promotor?

A

A sticky part of the DNA that is attached just before the stat of a DNA gene sequence that allows an RNA polymerase to attach to the DNA to start mRNA synthesis

30
Q

What are the 3 steps to mRNA synthesis?

A
  1. Initiation: RNA polymerase attaches and creates a bubble to start elongation.
  2. Elongation: RNA is made and the DNA is stitched back together
  3. Termination: RNA is complete and detaches, along with the polymerase
31
Q

What is the purpose of the 5’ guanine cap and poly A tail?

A

To protect the mRNA going from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

32
Q

What does UTR stand for?

A

Untranslated region

33
Q

What is the purpose of an untranslated region?

A

If the mRNA is degraded too much the UTR is fine to be degraded as the main part of the RNA will still stay intact

34
Q

What is an intron?

A

A non coding sequence that needs to be cut out before the whole and intact gene sequence needs to be translated

35
Q

name 8 protein structures and give examples hint: SCREDTHS

A

Structural: support, keratin
Contractile and Motor: movement, actin and myosin contracts muscles
Receptor: response of the cell to chemical stimuli, nerve cell receptors
Enzymatic: selective acceleration of chemical reactions, digestion of food at a cellular level amylase
Defensive: disease protection, Antibodies destroy viruses
Transport: moves substances, molecules across membranes
Hormonal: co-ordinates an organisms activities, insulin
Storage: stores amino acids, casein for babies in milk

36
Q

What is the primary structure of proteins?

A

The list of the 20 amino acids in their order, in a 2D shape

37
Q

What is the secondary structure?

A

A 3D shape, either as an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet due to the primary structures amino acids having side chains, a positive or a negative charge.

Thet have a hydrogen bond so they are relatively stable.

38
Q

What is a tertiary strucutre?

A

Where the secondary structure has been folded on itself and held together (normally) with a disulfide covalent bond and usually folds into an oval, globular shape

39
Q

What is a quartenary structure?

A

When multiple tertiary structures are independently fused together and interacting with each other

40
Q

Why does DNA have 1 direction?

A

Because DNA polymerase 3 add nucleotides to the leading or lagging template in the 5’-3’ direction

41
Q

Why do we have a leading and lagging strand?

A
  1. Antiparrallel
  2. Reverse complimentary sequencing
  3. Semi-conservative replication
  4. 5’ and 3’ sequences
  5. Polynucleotides structured to attache that way
42
Q

what are the 4 R groups of amino acids?

A
  1. Polar
  2. non polar
  3. positively charged
  4. negatively charged
43
Q

What are the 3 stop codons?

A
  1. UAA
  2. UAG
  3. UGA

BIOM1070 (23 decks)

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