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BIOM1070 > Module 4: muscle contraction and factors influencing force > Flashcards

Module 4: muscle contraction and factors influencing force Flashcards

1
Q

how do skeletal muscles power movement?

A

by converting ATP into mechanical energy

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2
Q

what is the muscle hierachy?

A
  1. Muscle Organ
  2. Fascicle
  3. Fiber
  4. myofibril
  5. sarcomere
  6. myofiliment
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3
Q

what are the 3 levels of connective tissue?

A
  1. epimysium: dense, irregular surrounding entire muscle
  2. perimysium: surrounding fascicle
  3. endomysium: surrounding each fiber
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4
Q

does muscular connective tissue create active or massive force?

A

passive

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5
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

and alph motor neuron and all of te fibers it innervates

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6
Q

what is a neuromuscular junction?

A

the connection between the axon terminal and muscle fiber

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7
Q

what neurotransmitter is release at the neuromuscular junction?

A

Acetlycholine (ACh)

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8
Q

what is the name of the muscle membrane?

A

sarcolemma

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9
Q

what is End Plate Potential (EPP)?

A

the local depolarisation of the synapse and the muscle fiber

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10
Q

which direction does the AP travel in EPP?

A

both directions

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11
Q

is sarcolemma deep or superficial to endomysium?

A

deep

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12
Q

what is sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

the smooth ER in muscle tissue, used for storage of Ca2+

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13
Q

what are the t-tubules attached to?

A

the sarcolemma

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14
Q

what is the process of muscle contraction?

A
  1. AP travels down motor neuron
  2. ACh is released at the neurotransmitter junction
  3. AP runs through the sarcolemma of the muscle
  4. AP runs through the t-tubules of the muscle
  5. Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  6. Ca2+ causes actin and myosin to bind
  7. sarcomeres shorten
  8. muscle contracts
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15
Q

what is the cross bridge cycle?

A

when calcium ions binds to troponin, causing tropomyosin to move away from the myosin binding gates on the actin and causing a contraction through the hydrolysis of ATP.

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16
Q

what are the 2 points of attachement for skeletal muscles?

A
  1. origin: attachment that is relatively fixed, typically proximal
  2. insertion: attachment more moveable, usually distal
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17
Q

what is the difference between direct and indirect attachement of skeletal muscles?

A
  1. Direct: epimysium fused to perioseum of bone or periochondrium of cartilage
  2. indirect: connective tissue that wraps or extends beyond muscle as rope like tendons or sheet like aponeurosis
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18
Q

what is aponeurosis?

A

the sheet like connective tissue that attaches
1. muscle to bone
2. muscle to muscle
3. muscle to fascia
4. muscle to tendon unit

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19
Q

can muscles push?

A

no, muscles can only pull tendons or bones

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20
Q

what are the 3 functional groups?

A
  1. agonist (primary mover)
  2. antagonist (opposes the agonist
  3. synergist (assists agonist)
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21
Q

what are the descriptors for muscle terminology?

A
  1. muscle location
  2. location of attachment
  3. muscle shape
  4. number of origins
  5. muscle size
  6. muscle action
  7. muscle direction
22
Q

what is the measurment of force with muscles

A

Newtons

23
Q

what is the list of architectures for muscle groups?

A
  1. circular
  2. multipennate
  3. bipennate
  4. unipennate
  5. parrallel
  6. fusiform
  7. convergent
24
Q

describe a circular muscle and give an example

A

a muscle that makes a dougnut shape (mouth)

25
Q

describe a multipennate muscle and give an example

A

a bundle of muscle fibers together to make a muscle organ (shoulder)

26
Q

describe a bipennate muscle and give an example

A

a muscle that has a tendon through the middle an the muscle fibers are on either side of the tendon (thigh)

27
Q

describe a unipennate muscle and give an example

A

a tendon that has 1 side of muscle fiber attached to it ( shin)

28
Q

describe a parrallel muscle and give an example

A

when the muscle runs parallel to the locations

29
Q

describe a fusiform muscle and give an example

A

a muscle in a shape of a spindle with a tendon running off the side (bicep)

30
Q

describe a convergent muscle and give an example

A

when the muscle has a wide origin and a narrow point (chest)

31
Q

what is a fascile?

A

the architecture of the muscle, linked to function

32
Q

what is pennate in a muscle describing?

A

higher force
smaller range of motion
higher PCSA

33
Q

what is parallel in a muscle describing?

A

lower force
wide range of movement
lower PCSA

34
Q

what is PCSA?

A

physiological cross examinational area

35
Q

what is the formula for PCSA?

A

PCSA= muscle volume/ fiber lengthe

36
Q

how do you find muscle volume and length in muscles?

A

volume: MRI
length: ultrasound

37
Q

what is the sarcomere length?

A

the length/tension relaionship

38
Q

which component other than muscle keeps the muscle attached to the skeleton and passively produces force?

A

elastic

39
Q

what is the components of a contractile component?

A
  1. muscle fibers
  2. actin and myosin cross bridges
40
Q

what is the series elastic compoent? (SEC)

A

intracellular titin, tendons

41
Q

what is the parallel elastic component (PEC)

A

connective tissue, epimysium and perimysium., endo and cross bridge

42
Q

how does the sarcomere look when the muscle is relaxed?

A

small overlap of the mysoin and actin

43
Q

how does the sarcomere look when the muscle is contracted?

A

lots of overlap of mysoin and actin, little ofrce to be used

44
Q

what is muscle force influenced my?

A
  1. number of neurons recruited
  2. frequency of motor units discharging AP
45
Q

what does an AP firing in a muscle cause?

A

a twitch

46
Q

what does many twitches firing cause?

A

tetanus

47
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle fibers

A
  1. slow twitch, light force, fatigue resistant
    2a. intermediate twitch
    2b. high twitch, large force, fatigues quickly
48
Q

what is hennemans size principle?

A

smaller units recruited first

49
Q

what are the different contraction types?

A
  1. static: isometric (same length)
  2. dynamic: concentric (shortening)
  3. eccentric: eccentric (lengthening)
50
Q

what is the load difference, strongest to weakest in contraction types?

A

eccentric-isometric-concentric

BIOM1070 (23 decks)

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