Module 2.2 Flashcards
4 stages of well-being
Comfort (needs met), discomfort, distress, pain
Suffering @ distress and pain
4 stages of well-being
Comfort (needs met), discomfort, distress, pain
Suffering @ distress and pain
Comfort
State of mental and physical equilibrium
Familiarity & ease in environment
Needs met
Normal activity
Discomfort
External or internal stressors cause mild change in comfort
Behavior/physiological changes may occur-subtle
Distress
No escape from stressors
Abnormal behavior
Disease and weird behaviors—compromised wellbeing
Pain
Can’t verbalize, must observe behavior
Stress
Effect of internal/external factors
Can be beneficial
Stressors
Internal or external factors threatening homeostasis
Nociception
Basic sensory ability to respond to potentially harmful stimuli
Pain
Sensory perception of nociceptive stimulus
Requires consciousness
Suffering
Pain is not mitigated
Animal experiences prolonged/severe state
What do animals do to relieve suffering?
Alter behavior
Abuse
Distress, pain and suffering are evidence
Court wants to know if animal experienced pain/suffering
In court, expert witnesses must
Recognize pain/suffering
Describe animal’s experience
Anthropomorphize
Human characteristics to non-humans
Helps understand animal suffering
Criteria of pain
Possession of nociceptors which have pathways to the brain which have structures similar to cerebral cortex (physiological)
Opioid receptors and endogenous opioid substances in neural system
Reduction in adverse behavior/effect after analgesics/pain meds
Avoid potentially harmful stimuli rapidly and inelastically
Why is pain biologically necessary?
To prevent injuries
Congenital insensitivity to pain
Do not feel stimuli that is painful
Peripheral neuropathy can result in severe injury or death
Acute pain
Sudden
Short duration
Self-limiting
Localized
Physiological and adaptive
Chronic pain
Extended duration
Persists after injury
Pathological (no pain receptor required) and maladaptive (no benefit)
Often associated w peripheral nerve damage/inflammation
Hyperalgesia
Heightened response to normally painful stimuli at injured area/surrounding
Allodynia
Pain caused by stimulus that doesn’t normally cause pain
Identifying pain
May exhibit differently
Predator vs. prey
Know normal first
Physical indicators of pain
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Pupil dilation
Hypertension
Hyperthermia
Neuroendocrine release-increased plasma cortisol
Decreased intestinal motility
Tremors/shaking
Behavioral indicators
Varies
Hyporexia/anorexia
Increased sleeping
Hiding
Restless/agitatied
Posture changes
Gait changes
Vocalizing
Aggression
Grooming changes
Pain scales
Most species-specific, pain type, and language
Most post-op
Advantages of scales
Objectivity to something subjective
Validated pain scales: multiple observers give similar scores at same point
Disadvantages of scales
Most are acute pain
Vary by species
Animal should be known already
CSU
Acute pain for dog, cat, horse, not validated
Feline Grimace Scale
Acute pain
Ear position, orbital tightening, muzzle tension, whisker change, head position
Validated
