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HSCI 300 > Module 2: Antigens and antibodies > Flashcards

Module 2: Antigens and antibodies Flashcards

1
Q

antigen

A

a variety of large molecular structures that can interact with an antibody or a t cell receptor

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2
Q

immunogens

A

antigens that are recognized by a persons immune system as foreign or abnormal and which therefore cause an immune response
Not all antigens are immunogens

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3
Q

tolerogens

A

antigens for which an individual developed tolerance in contrast to an immunogen which evokes an immune response.
Self antigens are usually tolerated

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4
Q

Allergens

A

antigens that elicit production of IgE antibodies instead of IgM/IgG of normal immune response

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5
Q

Antigenicity

A

potency of an antigen

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6
Q

Hapten

A

chemically active substance with LOW molecular weight that is unable to induce an immune response by itself but when conjugated with a carrier molecule, it becomes immunogenic

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7
Q

heterophile antibodies

A

endogenous antibodies present in human serum that may interfere with various immunoassays

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8
Q

Heterophile antigens

A

an antigen common to more than one species

ex. exposure to e coli early in life initiates anti B production in blood group A and O individuals

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9
Q

epitope

A

epitope of an antigen is the exact structural component either on or within an antigen with which an antibody reacts

AKA antigenic determinant

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10
Q

Carrier region

A

regions on the antigen structure to which antibody is not formed

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11
Q

Specificity

A

exact anatomic and molecular characteristics of the epitope that enables it to be recognized and classified

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12
Q

9 factors affecting ability of antigen to evoke an immune response

A

Chemical nature of antigens (proteins/IgG are best; polysaccharides/IgM less immunogenic; lipids, nucleic acids and inorganic substances not immunogenic)

Chemical complexity

Molecular size

Structural conformation of the molecule

Ionic charge (high charge could decrease immunogenicity)

Foreignness

Route, dosage, frequency of exposure to immunogen

Genetic composition of host (age, health)

Adjuvants

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13
Q

Adjuvants

A

agents that can be administered with antigen that enhance the immune response

not immunogenic on their own

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14
Q

2 ways antibodies are produced by b lymphocytes and secreted through the exocytosis pathway

A

Membrane bound

Secreted form

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15
Q

Membrane bound antibody production

A

antibody serve ad the b cell antigen receipt (site on b cell which will bind with corresponding antigen)
If they make contact with specific antigen, B cell differentiates and becomes an antibody forming plasma cell

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16
Q

Secreted form antibody production

A

plasma cells secrete free antibody into the blood or lymph

Secreted ab promote phagocytosis, neutralize antigens and activate complement

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17
Q

2 types of light chains

A

kappa

lambda

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18
Q

5 kinds of heavy chains

A

differentiate the class of antibody

IgM mu chains
IgG gamma chains
IgA alpha chains
IgD delta chains
IgE epsilon chains
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19
Q

domains

A

loops of about 110 amino acids in the heavy and light chains

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20
Q

constant domains of heavy chains

A

have the same amino acid sequence for all antibodies in a class

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21
Q

constant domains of light chains

A

have the same amino acid sequence for either kappa of lambda light chains

22
Q

Variable domains (VH and VL)

A

have amino acid sequences that are specific to the epitope of the antigen that induced antibody production

23
Q

function of variable light domain

A

determines antibody specificity

site of antigen binding

24
Q

function of constant light domain

A

determines if chain is kappa or lambda

orientates antibody during antigen binding

25
Q

function of variable heavy domain

A

determines antibody specificity

site of antigen binding

26
Q

function of constant heavy 1 domain

A

orientates antibody during antigen binding

27
Q

function of constant heavy 2 domain

A

involved in complement activation

28
Q

function of constant heavy 3 domain

A

involved in phagocyte binding

29
Q

Fab (fragment antigen binding) fragment

A

consists of entire light chain and half of heavy chains
NH2 (amino) end of the antibody
Site that recognizes and binds antigen (epitope)

30
Q

Fc fragment (fragment crystallizable)

A

consist of other half of heavy chain
COOH end
Functions: Complement activation
Macrophage attraction when coating an antigen
Placenta expresses Fc receptors; allow binding of maternal IgG molecules for transport across placenta to baby
May be labeled for in vitro detection of antigen

31
Q

Isotypes

A

different classes and sub classes of antibodies and are defined by differences in the constant domains of the heavy chains

32
Q

Allotypes

A

antibodies that are products of allelic genes

33
Q

Idiotope

A

the unique amino acid sequence found in variable region of heavy and light chains of antibody
AKA Complementarity determining region CRD, hypervariable region HVR

34
Q

Idiotype

A

the sum of the unique amino acid sequences found in the variable domain of the H and L chains of an antibody at or near the antigen binding site

35
Q

About IgG

A

Heavy chains: 2 gamma chains (monomer)
Crosses placenta? yes
Function: opsonization, complement activation, neonatal immunity
Isotypes: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4
Binds complement? yes, esp. IgG1 and IgG3

36
Q

About IgM

A

Heavy chains: 10 mu chains (pentamer)
Function: 1st antibody produced by newborn, activates complement, acts as naive b cell antigen receptor
Binds complement? yes

37
Q

About IgE

A

Heavy chains: 2 epsilon chains (monomer)
Function: immediate hypersensitivity, parasitic infections
Binds complement? no

38
Q

About IgA (serum)

A

Heavy chains: 2 alpha chains (monomer)
Function: mucosal immunity, found in colostrum
Isotypes: IgA1, IgA2

39
Q

About IgA (secreted)

A

Heavy chains: 4 alpha chains (dimer)
Function: mucosal immunity
Isotypes: IgA1, IgA2

40
Q

About IgD

A

Heavy chains: 2 delta chains (monomer)

Function: Naive b cell antigen receptor, increased in some auto-immune diseases

41
Q

IgA makes up about __% of the antibody we produce everyday and is produced in the _____________

A

70%

mucosal lymphoid tissue

42
Q

IgA use in the body

A

transported through epithelial cells to the lumen of the GI or resp tracts
Secreted IgA recognizes antigen and binds to it, preventing it from adhering and entering through the epithelium
also, Opsonization leads to phagocytosis

43
Q

The first line of defence against bacteria and viruses is

A

secretory IgA

Secretory component helps antibody resist breakdown by proteolytic enzymes of the GI tract

44
Q

what is a babys immunity before they produce IgG themselves

A 
IgG from mom through placenta
After birth, IgA in maternal milk
First 6 months: maternal IgG levels decline as baby begins their own immunoglobulin synthesis
IgM starts 3 months before birth
IgG starts 3-6wks after birth
45
Q

Meconium

A

dark green mucilaginous substance of the intestine in full term infant
Consists of intestinal gland secretions and some amniotic fluid (contains IgG)

46
Q

Colostrum

A

thin milky fluid of the mammary gland produced a few days before and after parturition (contains IgA)

47
Q

Polyclonal response

A

many different antibodies derived from B cells which have recognized different epitopes on the antigen
Normal B cell immune response to and antigen is polyclonal

48
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

antibodies derived from a single B cell clone, and that only recognize only one epitope of an antigen

49
Q

Polyclonal antibody production facts

A 
Mixture of various B cell clones
inexpensive
Short process to make
Produces large amounts of non-specific Ab
Recognizes many epitopes on antigen
Batch to batch variability
50
Q

Monoclonal antibody production facts

A 
Single types of B cell clone
Expensive
Long process to make
Produces large amounts of specific Ab
Only recognizes one epitope
No batch to batch variability

HSCI 300 (30 decks)

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