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Neuroanatomy > Module 15 > Flashcards

Module 15 Flashcards

0
Q

Name the 3parts of the eye

A

Outer- sclera

Middle- choroid

Inner- retina

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1
Q

What are the four events of visual processing?

A
  1. Refraction of light rays by lens/cornea
  2. Conversion( turning electromagnetic into neural impulses
  3. Transmission- AP from retina of eye to visual cortex
  4. Perception- of visual images by primary/association areas (occipital cortex)
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2
Q

What does the outer portion of the eye turn into anteriorly? (Type of lens)

A

He sclera turns into the CORNEA (middle layer) anteriorly

It is a non-adjustable lens

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3
Q

Why is the choroid layer so important?

A

Lines surface or sclera and supplies blood to retina

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4
Q

Name the 3 layers of the choroid part of the eye?

A

Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris diaphragm

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5
Q

What does the ciliary body of the choroid layer do?

A

Adjust near/far focus (changed shape)

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6
Q

What does the iris of the choroid layer do?

A

Work like a camera diaphragm

REGULATES light intake

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7
Q

Unlike the sclera of the eye, the lens is…

And where is it located?

A

Adjustable!!

Behind the iris

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8
Q

Which part of the eye contains the rods and cones?

A

The retina

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9
Q

What is in the inner portion of the retina? What is in the outer portion?

A

Inner: cones/rods

Outer: ganglion cells

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10
Q

Five neurons of the retina layer (outer to inner)

A 
Rods/cones
Horizontal layer
Bipolar cells
Amacrine cells
Ganglion cells
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11
Q

Which of the 5 neurons of the retina are the 1st order neurons? What do they form?

A

Ganglion

Form the optic nerve & tract

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12
Q

Does cones have a high or low threshold for excitability? Why?

A

High Excitability because they respond to bright light.

Use: color vision, rapid vision sequencing and interpreting items

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13
Q

What do rods do?

A

Low threshold for excitability.

Fun in dim light (night vision)

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14
Q

What is the macula? Where is it located?

A

Important for acute detailed vision

It’s in the center of the retina

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15
Q

What is the central part of the macula? What is it comprises of?

A

Fovea

Comprised of cones ONLY but color is optimal. HIGHEST acuity here

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16
Q

Where do the optic nerves exit?

A

Optic disc (considered blind spot) because it has NO rods or cones

17
Q

Name the six extraocular muscles

A

Superior rectus
Medial rectus
Lateral rectus
Inferior rectus

Superior oblique
Inferior oblique

18
Q

What cranial nerve does the superior oblique muscle innervate with?

A

Trochlear nerve

19
Q

What cranial muscle does the lateral rectus muscle innervate with?

A

Abducens nerve

20
Q

What cranial nerve do the other four extraocular muscles innervate with?

A

Oculomotor nerve

21
Q

Where are the nuclei of the CN that serve the eye located?

A

III & IV- midbrain

VI- pons

22
Q

Which ganglion is the sensory ganglion for the visual system?

A

The ciliary ganglion

23
Q

Lesions to the brainstem can cause?

A

Visual, hearing, balance and speech impairments AT THE SAME TIME

24
Q

Name the 3 visual fields and what they see?

A

Binocular (what’s seen by both eyes)

Monocular (seen by one eye)

Macular (central vision from both eyes) remember this is in the center of the retina

25
Q

What are the names of the visual half fields?

A

Temporal (lateral half)

Nasal (medial half)

26
Q

What are the two hemi-retinas and where do they get info from?

A

Temporal projects to nasal hemi retina

Nasal projects to temporal hemi retina

27
Q

Where is the optic chaism located? What happens here?

A

Just rostral (top) to hypothalamus

Fibers from nasal retinas CROSS HERE

Temporal retinas DO NOT cross (ipsilateral)

28
Q

How do the visual cortex receive data?

A

Left eye:
Nasal visual field from left eye
Temporal visual field from right eye

Right eye:
Nasal visual field from right eye
Temporal visual field from left eye

29
Q

What is the optic tract?

A

Pathway from chaism to lateral geniculate body of thalamus

30
Q

What is the lateral geniculate body?

A

2nd order neurons!

Travel in optic radiation bundles to primary visual cortex (area 17)

31
Q

What part of the internal capsule so the pathways for vision pass through?

A

Posterior limb

32
Q

Where does the data from the upper visual field go?

A

Lingual gyrus (below the calcarine sulcus)

33
Q

Where does the data from the lower visual field go?

A

To the cuneus gyrus (above the calcarine fissure)

34
Q

Is the upper visual field considered the upper retina?

A

NO! It is the lower retina because the lens inverts the data before sending it to the retina

35
Q

The lower retina is the upper visual field (T/F)

A

True

36
Q

How do you asses visual fields?

A

Use visual perimetry- assess areas of blindness in visual space

37
Q

How is loss of vision described?

A

In reference to visual fields

38
Q

What is monocular blindness?

A

Blindness in one eye

39
Q

What is Hemianopsia?

A

Loss of a visual half-field

40
Q

What is quandrantanopsia?

A

Loss of a visual quandrant

Neuroanatomy (19 decks)

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