Module 1 & 2 Flashcards
What two parts is the cerebral cortex divided into?
Neocortex
Allocortex
Lobes of the brain
Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Limbic Insula
What does the neocortex cover?
All lobes except the limbic lobe
Makes up 90% of cortex
What does the allocortex cover?
(Older)
Limbic lobe
Orbital cortex
10% of cortex
Describe the layers of the neocortex
4-6 mm thick
6 horizontal layers (lamina)
layers parallel to cortical surface
What is the purpose of the vertical columns of the neocortex?
Functional units of the cortex Start in the cortex but go into white matter Neurons dominate based on cortical columns Receive afferents (sensory neurons) from cortical areas/thalamus Send efferents (motor neurons) to association, commissural and motor projection
Do the 5 cell types in the cerebral cortex have the same function?
No. Each have a different function.
Mostly pyramidal neurons
Name the sulci and fissures of the brain
Central sulcus/fissure of Roland Lateral sulcus/ sylvian fissure Longitudinal fissure Parietooccipital sulcus Cingulate sulcus Calcarine fissure
Where is the limbic lobe “emotional brain”& ?
Deep to temporal lobe
Medial aspect of hemisphere
Ring around corpus callosum
What are the Gyri of the frontal lobe?
Precentral Gyri
Superior frontal Gyri
Middle frontal Gyri
Inferior frontal Gyri
Describe the precentral Gyri
Brodmann's area 4 Primary motor cortex Vertically organized Organized as motor homunculus Origin of primary motor pathway (direct motor pathway)/pyramidal tract
Are the frontal
Gyri (with the exception of the precentral Gyri) vertically or horizontally organized?
Horizontally
What additional three sections does the inferior frontal Gyri include?
Pars triangularis
Pars opercularis
Pars orbitalis
What is important about the inferior frontal gyrus?
Brodmann’s area 44
Broca’s area
Motor speech association cortex
Speech praxis/ programming
What is the operculum?
Part of: frontal, parietal, temporal lobes
Do primary and association areas have the same role?
No! Association areas border primary areas
What is the role of a primary area?
Receive data
What is the role of an association area?
Interprets the data from the primary area
In the motor cortical area, what does the primary motor cortex do?
Provides commands to move
In the motor cortical area, what does the association motor cortex do?
Provides the movement plan, schema (outline)
What is the homunculus of the primary motor cortex?
Shoulder Elbow Fingers Thumb Eyelids Lips Jaw
Describe the premotor cortex
Brodmann’s area 6
Praxis for skilled movements
An association area
What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?
Biological correlation of intelligence Reasoning Abstraction Praxis Judgment
What are the Gyri of the parietal lobe?
Postcentral
Supramarginal
Angular
Describe the postcentral gyrus
Brodmann’s area 3-1-2
Vertically organized
Primary sensory (somato) cortex
What is the order of the sensory homunculus of the primary somato cortex?
Hip Trunk Arm Hand Face
What is the function of the primary sensory cortex?
Receives general sensory data
What is the function of the association sensory cortex?
Interprets the data received from the primary cortex
What is the angular gyrus?
Brodmann's area 39 Helps with cross-modal associations Damage causes word finding problems Part of the parietal lobe At juncture of p/o/t lobes
What is the supramarginal gyrus?
Brodmann’s area 40
Slight above the angular gyrus
Damage causes reading problems
What are the functions of the parietal lobe?
Perception Interpretation of general senses Cross-modal associations (AG) Left Lobe helps with reading/word finding Right Lobe for visuospatial/ constructive
What are the Gyri of the temporal lobe?
Superior
Middle
Inferior
Where is wernicke’s area located and what is it’s function?
Brodmann’s area 22
Located: on the 1st/2nd Gyri of the temporal lobe
Auditory verbal association
Spoken language comprehension
What is Heschl’s gyrus?
Brodmann’s area 41 & 42
Each Gyri receives bilateral input
Best seen on coronal section
Primary auditory
Describe the occipital lobe
Brodmann’s area 17,
Brodmann’s area 18 )interprets visual data) 19 (following automatic movements) are association cortex
Primary visual cortex
Receives all visual data
Name the two Fissures/ sulci in the occipital lobe
Calcarine fissure
Cingulate sulcus
What are the parts of the limbic lobe?
Cingulate gyrus Amygdala (pragmatics) Hippocampus (memory) Mammillary bodies Uncus (olfactory cortex)
What are general senses?
Pain
Temperature
Pressure
fine touch
What are special senses?
Taste
Sight
What is neuroscience?
The study of anatomy structures and the physiological functions of the nervous system.
Who is Paul Broca?
1862
“Tan” and “Lelo”
Deals with praxis
Who is Carl wernicke?
1874
Deals with language comprehension
What do language and speech disturbances and certain acquired hearing balance disorders tell us?
Sensitive indicators of damage to cortical and subcortical structures
What are lesion sites indicated by?
Sensory
Motor
Cognitive
Affective behavior
Where is the neuraxis?
Through the brain and spinal cord
In a “T” shape
What are the directional terms of the brain?
Rostral (anterior)
Caudal (posterior)
Dorsal ( superior)
Ventral (inferior)
these change for the bs/sc
Anatomical plans for the brain
Sagittal (middle)
Coronal (front/back)
Horizontal (cross)
Transverse (diagonal)
Terms of movement
Flexion Extension Adduction Abduction Supination Pronation
What is in gray matter?
Non myelinated axons
Cell bodies
Glia )Schwann cells
Dendrites
What is in white matter?
Myelinated axons
Name the groups of nerve cell bodies
Nucleus Ganglion Lamina Cortex Corpora Formation Horn
Name bundles of nerve
Fibers in the CNS
Tract Fasciculus Brachium Peduncle Capsule Column Ansa Lemniscus Commissure
Where does 90% of decussation happen?
Lower brain stem/medulla
The body periphery is mapped into…
The cerebral and cerebellar
Cortex
What does contralateral mean?
Opposite side
What does ipsilateral mean?
Same side
What does unilateral mean?
One side
How is the nervous system divided?
CNS
ANS
Where do the cranial nerves in the PNS go?
To and from brainstem
Where do the spinal nerves go?
To and from the spinal cord
What two systems is the PNS divided into?
ANS: autonomic nervous system
SNS: somatic nervous System
What are the 3 primary brain vessicles?
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
The 3 brain vesicles turn into what 5 brain division?
Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon
What are the four functions of the nervous system?
Sensory: receives the data
Motor: creates movements
Integrator: synthesizes and analyzes and plans
Regulator: maintains homeostasis
If we have a lesion before decussation Is the problem contralateral of ipsilateral?
Contralateral
What are the two fissure/sulci of occipital lobe?
Cingulate sulcus
Calcarine fissure
What are the two Gyri of occipital lobe?
Lingual gyrus
Cuneate gyrus
