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Neuroanatomy > Module 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Module 1 & 2 Flashcards

0
Q

What two parts is the cerebral cortex divided into?

A

Neocortex

Allocortex

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1
Q

Lobes of the brain

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital 
Temporal 
Limbic
Insula
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2
Q

What does the neocortex cover?

A

All lobes except the limbic lobe

Makes up 90% of cortex

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3
Q

What does the allocortex cover?

A

(Older)
Limbic lobe
Orbital cortex
10% of cortex

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4
Q

Describe the layers of the neocortex

A

4-6 mm thick
6 horizontal layers (lamina)
layers parallel to cortical surface

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the vertical columns of the neocortex?

A 
Functional units of the cortex
Start in the cortex but go into white matter 
Neurons dominate based on cortical columns 
Receive afferents (sensory neurons) from cortical areas/thalamus
Send efferents (motor neurons) to association, commissural and motor projection
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6
Q

Do the 5 cell types in the cerebral cortex have the same function?

A

No. Each have a different function.

Mostly pyramidal neurons

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7
Q

Name the sulci and fissures of the brain

A 
Central sulcus/fissure of Roland 
Lateral sulcus/ sylvian fissure
Longitudinal fissure
Parietooccipital sulcus 
Cingulate sulcus
Calcarine fissure
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8
Q

Where is the limbic lobe “emotional brain”& ?

A

Deep to temporal lobe
Medial aspect of hemisphere
Ring around corpus callosum

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9
Q

What are the Gyri of the frontal lobe?

A

Precentral Gyri
Superior frontal Gyri
Middle frontal Gyri
Inferior frontal Gyri

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10
Q

Describe the precentral Gyri

A 
Brodmann's area 4
Primary motor cortex
Vertically organized 
Organized as motor homunculus
Origin of primary motor pathway (direct motor pathway)/pyramidal tract
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11
Q

Are the frontal

Gyri (with the exception of the precentral Gyri) vertically or horizontally organized?

A

Horizontally

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12
Q

What additional three sections does the inferior frontal Gyri include?

A

Pars triangularis
Pars opercularis
Pars orbitalis

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13
Q

What is important about the inferior frontal gyrus?

A

Brodmann’s area 44
Broca’s area
Motor speech association cortex
Speech praxis/ programming

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14
Q

What is the operculum?

A

Part of: frontal, parietal, temporal lobes

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15
Q

Do primary and association areas have the same role?

A

No! Association areas border primary areas

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16
Q

What is the role of a primary area?

A

Receive data

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17
Q

What is the role of an association area?

A

Interprets the data from the primary area

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18
Q

In the motor cortical area, what does the primary motor cortex do?

A

Provides commands to move

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19
Q

In the motor cortical area, what does the association motor cortex do?

A

Provides the movement plan, schema (outline)

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20
Q

What is the homunculus of the primary motor cortex?

A 
Shoulder
Elbow
Fingers
Thumb
Eyelids
Lips
Jaw
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21
Q

Describe the premotor cortex

A

Brodmann’s area 6
Praxis for skilled movements
An association area

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22
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A 
Biological correlation of intelligence 
Reasoning 
Abstraction 
Praxis 
Judgment
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23
Q

What are the Gyri of the parietal lobe?

A

Postcentral
Supramarginal
Angular

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24
Q

Describe the postcentral gyrus

A

Brodmann’s area 3-1-2
Vertically organized
Primary sensory (somato) cortex

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25
Q

What is the order of the sensory homunculus of the primary somato cortex?

A 
Hip
Trunk
Arm
Hand 
Face
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26
Q

What is the function of the primary sensory cortex?

A

Receives general sensory data

27
Q

What is the function of the association sensory cortex?

A

Interprets the data received from the primary cortex

28
Q

What is the angular gyrus?

A 
Brodmann's area 39
Helps with cross-modal associations
Damage causes word finding problems 
Part of the parietal lobe
At juncture of p/o/t lobes
29
Q

What is the supramarginal gyrus?

A

Brodmann’s area 40
Slight above the angular gyrus
Damage causes reading problems

30
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A 
Perception 
Interpretation of general senses 
Cross-modal associations (AG)
Left
Lobe helps with reading/word finding 
Right
Lobe for visuospatial/ constructive
31
Q

What are the Gyri of the temporal lobe?

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior

32
Q

Where is wernicke’s area located and what is it’s function?

A

Brodmann’s area 22
Located: on the 1st/2nd Gyri of the temporal lobe
Auditory verbal association
Spoken language comprehension

33
Q

What is Heschl’s gyrus?

A

Brodmann’s area 41 & 42
Each Gyri receives bilateral input
Best seen on coronal section
Primary auditory

34
Q

Describe the occipital lobe

A

Brodmann’s area 17,
Brodmann’s area 18 )interprets visual data) 19 (following automatic movements) are association cortex
Primary visual cortex
Receives all visual data

35
Q

Name the two Fissures/ sulci in the occipital lobe

A

Calcarine fissure

Cingulate sulcus

36
Q

What are the parts of the limbic lobe?

A 
Cingulate gyrus
Amygdala (pragmatics) 
Hippocampus (memory) 
Mammillary bodies 
Uncus (olfactory cortex)
37
Q

What are general senses?

A

Pain
Temperature
Pressure
fine touch

38
Q

What are special senses?

A

Taste

Sight

39
Q

What is neuroscience?

A

The study of anatomy structures and the physiological functions of the nervous system.

40
Q

Who is Paul Broca?

A

1862
“Tan” and “Lelo”
Deals with praxis

41
Q

Who is Carl wernicke?

A

1874

Deals with language comprehension

42
Q

What do language and speech disturbances and certain acquired hearing balance disorders tell us?

A

Sensitive indicators of damage to cortical and subcortical structures

43
Q

What are lesion sites indicated by?

A

Sensory
Motor
Cognitive
Affective behavior

44
Q

Where is the neuraxis?

A

Through the brain and spinal cord

In a “T” shape

45
Q

What are the directional terms of the brain?

A

Rostral (anterior)
Caudal (posterior)
Dorsal ( superior)
Ventral (inferior)

these change for the bs/sc

46
Q

Anatomical plans for the brain

A

Sagittal (middle)
Coronal (front/back)
Horizontal (cross)
Transverse (diagonal)

47
Q

Terms of movement

A 
Flexion
Extension 
Adduction 
Abduction
Supination 
Pronation
48
Q

What is in gray matter?

A

Non myelinated axons
Cell bodies
Glia )Schwann cells
Dendrites

49
Q

What is in white matter?

A

Myelinated axons

50
Q

Name the groups of nerve cell bodies

A 
Nucleus 
Ganglion 
Lamina
Cortex
Corpora
Formation 
Horn
51
Q

Name bundles of nerve

Fibers in the CNS

A 
Tract
Fasciculus
Brachium
Peduncle
Capsule
Column 
Ansa
Lemniscus
Commissure
52
Q

Where does 90% of decussation happen?

A

Lower brain stem/medulla

53
Q

The body periphery is mapped into…

A

The cerebral and cerebellar

Cortex

54
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

Opposite side

55
Q

What does ipsilateral mean?

A

Same side

56
Q

What does unilateral mean?

A

One side

57
Q

How is the nervous system divided?

A

CNS

ANS

58
Q

Where do the cranial nerves in the PNS go?

A

To and from brainstem

59
Q

Where do the spinal nerves go?

A

To and from the spinal cord

60
Q

What two systems is the PNS divided into?

A

ANS: autonomic nervous system
SNS: somatic nervous System

61
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vessicles?

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

62
Q

The 3 brain vesicles turn into what 5 brain division?

A 
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
63
Q

What are the four functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory: receives the data
Motor: creates movements
Integrator: synthesizes and analyzes and plans
Regulator: maintains homeostasis

64
Q

If we have a lesion before decussation Is the problem contralateral of ipsilateral?

A

Contralateral

65
Q

What are the two fissure/sulci of occipital lobe?

A

Cingulate sulcus

Calcarine fissure

66
Q

What are the two Gyri of occipital lobe?

A

Lingual gyrus

Cuneate gyrus

Neuroanatomy (19 decks)

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