Module 14 Flashcards by EnDea Wilkins

Name the two components of conscious proprioception (DGS) ?

Static (perception in body/position sense)

Dynamic (sense movement & balance/kinesthetic sense)

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What are the discriminative general senses?

2 point discrimination 
Size perception
Texture perception
Stereognosis
Conscious proprioception

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What makes the movement awareness?

Kinesthsia(static) & position(dynamic) sense

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How are receptors stimulated?

Environmental stimuli (inside/outside of body)

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What is the role of the receptors?

Function as transducers

Covert environmental stimuli into nerve impulses

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How are sensory AP initiated?

Adequate stimulus (depolarizes the receptor membrane)

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Where do the APs go to after being initiated by the receptor potential (generator potential)?

Spinal cord or brainstem

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The receptor potential is similar to which type of stimulus? Action or generator?

Generator because it’s not an all or nothing response to the stimulus

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How do receptor adapt?

Rapidly

Slowly

Before eventually stopping

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How do rapidly adapting receptors respond?

Strong response at first then RAPIDLY adapts to the stimuli

I.e putting on clothes

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How do slow adapting receptors respond?

Weaker initial response but the response is maintained for as long as the stimuli is presented!

CALLED: Tonic receptor

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How is somasensory data transmitted?

Peripheral nerves (cranial and spinal nerves)

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Where does somatosensory data go?

To nuclei in spinal cord and brainstem

Reflexive sensory data: stays at SC or BS level

Other sensory data: go to the thalamus then to the cerebral cortex

Unconscious proprioceptive data: from muscle spindles/joint receptors to cerebellum then cortex

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What are the 4 main ASCENDING sensory pathways?

Dorsal column/medial lemniscus

Anterolateral spinothalamic

Trigeminal/trigeminothalamic

Spinocerebellar

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What does the dorsal column pathway carry?

General discriminatory senses (conscious proprioception

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What does the anterolateral spinothalamic pathway carry?

Sensory data from body and BACK of the head

Anterior (crude touch)
Lateral (pain & temp.)

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What information does he trigeminal sensory pathway carry?

Pain & temperature

Crude touch

GDS from face

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What information does the Spinocerebellar pathway Carry?

Unconscious proprioception

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Are receptors equally sensitive to all stimuli?

No!!

Sensory receptors detect different types of sensory stimuli

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Each receptor is highly sensitive to specific sensations it’s designed for.

HOW do we know this( what tells us)?

Doctrine of specific nerve energies

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What is the labeled line principal?

Explains how different nerve fibers transmit different modalities of sensation

EACH nerve terminates at a specific part in the CNS

SENSATION stimulated based on location of nerve fiber (ie optic nerve fibers to visual cortex)

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How are receptors classified?

Physiological/functional (location/modality)

Type of stimulus (type of stimulus it responds to)

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What are the 5 main sensory modalities?

Crude (light) touch
Pain
Temperature
Discriminative general senses 
Unconscious proprioception

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What are the psychological/function receptors?

Exteroceptors-near body surface (touch/pain/temp/smell/sound/taste/light)

Interceptors- in viscera (sense feelings of pain/fullness/cramping)

Proprioceptors- deep within walls (balance/position/movement)

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What are the receptors classified by the type of stimulus received?

Mechanoreceptors-detect deformation (crude/fine touch) Thermoreceotors- detect temperature Nociceptors- detect pain Electromagnetic receptors- detect light on retina Chemoreceptors-detect chemical stimuli (taste buds/smell receptors)

How does sensory from back of the head enter?

Through dorsal root ganglia

How does sensory data from head/face (minus back of the head) enter?

CN ganglia and goes into Trigeminal system

What type of pathway does a somatic sensation constitute?

3 neuron pathway from peripheral to cortex

What type of nerve is the 1st order neuron for somatic sensation? Where does it go?

Peripheral (from receptor to SC or BS)

Where does the 2nd order neuron for the somatic sensation go?

From nucleus to thalamus CROSSES midline to opposite side

Where does the 3rd order neurons for somatic sensation go?

From thalamus to the cerebral cortex (parietal lobe)

What type of pathway was unconscious proprioception have?

Spinocerebellar pathway 2-neuron pathway

Where does the 1st order neuron from the Spinocerebellar system go?

Receptor to SC nucleus

Where does the 2nd order neuron from the Spinocerebellar system go?

From the nucleus to the cerebellum

Describe the dorsal column/medial lemniscus

Discriminative general senses Back of the head/body Rapidly adapting

Dorsal column has their cell bodies for 1st order neurons where?

In the dorsal root ganglia

What are the first order neurons of the dorsal column?

Fasciculus cuneatus (upper body/travels laterally to medulla) Fasciculus gracilis (lower body/travels medically to medulla)

Where do the 1st order neurons for the dorsal column meet the 2nd order neurons? What are they called after they meet?

At the nucleus of gracilis and cuneatus. | Cross at above point of decussation then form medial lemniscus

Where do the 2nd order neurons the medial lemniscus go?

To the VPL nucleus of the thalamus

Where do the 3rd order neurons of the medial lemniscus go?

To the upper 2/3 of 3-1-2 via POSTERIOR limb of internal capsule and corona radiate

What is tactile anesthesia?

Loss of tactile sensibility

What is tactile hypoesthesia?

Reduction in tactile sensibility but NOT completely loss

What is tactile hyperesthesia?

Exaggerated tactile sensibility

A lesion to the dorsal column call impair what?

Any of the discriminative general senses TO ASSESS: 2point discriminative Tactile object recognition Body part position sense Graphesthesia

Why is the anterolateral spinothalamic sensory pathway important?

For light touch, pain and temperature | FROM: body and back of the head

Which pathway has faster conduction, the anterolateral spinothalamic or dorsal column?

The dorsal column

What are the two pathways of the anterolateral spinothalamic? What do they do?

Anterior spinothalamic- light touch Lateral spinothalamic- pain & temperature

Where do the lateral spinothalamic 1st order neurons receive input?

From pain and temp receptors

If there is a lesion to the dorsal root/nucleus of termination on the lateral spinothalamic pathway, what happens?

Ipsilateral impairment in pain/temp sensation If the lateral spinothalamic pathway has crossed, the impairment will be contralateral

What is neuralgia?

Severe pain

Name the 3 categories of altered pain response

Analgesia-no response Hypoalgesia-reduced response Hyperalgesia-increased response

Where does anterior spinothalamic pathway receive input from?

Touch receptors. Mediates light and crude touch

What happens if there's a lesion to the anterior spinothalamic pathway?

TRICK QUESTION!! no lesion will occur because DORSAL COLUMN WILL COMPENSATE Lesion to SC kills light touch below lesion

What is the trigeminal system responsible for?

ALL general sensory modalities (DGS, pain/temp/crude touch/taste from tongue)

Where does the trigeminal system receive its input from?

Anterior scalp, head & next structures

Which CN send input to the trigeminal system?

CN V CN IX CN X

How is GSA sent to trigeminal system from CN V?

All 3 branches Maxillary Mandibular Ophthalmic

How is GSA sent to trigeminal system from CN IX?

From tongue, soft palate, pharynx | Cell bodies in inferior petrosal

How is GSA sent to trigeminal system from CN X?

From trachea, larynx, pharynx | Cell bodies in superior [ jugular] ganglion

Which pathway of the trigeminal system is crossed? Which is uncrossed?

Anterior (ventral) trigeminothalamic is crossed Posterior (dorsal) trigeminothalamic is uncrossed & crossed

Unlike the other sensory pathways, where do the 2nd order neurons of the anterior trigeminothalamic (pain/temp/crude touch) ascent to?

Contralateral VPM of thalamus

Where do the 3rd order neurons travel to?

The LOWER 1/3 of the 3-1-2

What happens if there's a lesion to the ganglion of the Trigeminal system?

Ipsilateral sensory loss

The 1st order neurons synapse with spinal trigeminal nucleus for pain/temp/crude touch) T/F

Where do the 1st order neurons of the trigeminal system (discriminative general senses) synapse with?

Main sensory nucleus

where do the 2nd order neurons of the trigeminal system (discriminative general systems) ascend to?

Some: CROSSED anterior trigeminothalamic pathway. Contralateral VPM of thalamus Others: posterior trigeminothalamic pathway. REPORT to: IPSILATERAL VPM nucleus

If there is a lesion to the anterior pathway, what happens?

Contralateral sensory loss

What type of lesion causes mild effects on DGS (due to bilateral/ipsilateral/contralateral/projection)?

Lesion to posterior pathway

What does the Spinocerebellar pathways mediate?

Unconscious proprioception

Where does the Spinocerebellar pathway get input from?

Muscle spindles and GTO

What type of conduction is the Spinocerebellar pathway have?

Rapid

Name the 4 pathways of the Spinocerebellar pathway.

Dorsal Spinocerebellar Cuneocerebellar Ventral Spinocerebellar Rostral Spinocerebellar

What does the dorsal Spinocerebellar pathway do?

Get input from lower half of body and limbs (keeps cerebellum informed)

What does the cuneocerebellar tract do?

Get input from upper half of body and limbs. Informs cerebellum about muscle contraction and tension in tendons

What do the ventral Spinocerebellar system do?

SOME input from lower limbs EXCITED by motor signals

What does the rostral Spinocerebellar do?

SOME input from upper limbs Excited by DESCENDING motor signals

When do the ventral Spinocerebellar pathways inform the cerebellum?

When motor signals have arrive. Also informs of intensity

Out of the 4 pathways of the Spinocerebellar pathways, which one is crossed and ipsilateral?

The ventral pathway. ALL other pathways are uncrossed and ipsilateral

Where does the Spinocerebellar pathway send input to?

The MESENCEPHALIC nucleus of CN V

T/F: does the cerebellum act as a feedback mechanism?

True!

T/F: do the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia coordinate motor behavior?

FALSE! they INITIATE the motor behavior

What coordinates motor behavior?

The cerebellum

If there is a lesion to the cerebellum, what happens?

Ataxia "without order" Movements are poorly coordinated, awkward and unsteady