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Neuroanatomy > Module 14 > Flashcards

Module 14 Flashcards

0
Q

Name the two components of conscious proprioception (DGS) ?

A

Static (perception in body/position sense)

Dynamic (sense movement & balance/kinesthetic sense)

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1
Q

What are the discriminative general senses?

A 
2 point discrimination 
Size perception
Texture perception
Stereognosis
Conscious proprioception
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2
Q

What makes the movement awareness?

A

Kinesthsia(static) & position(dynamic) sense

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3
Q

How are receptors stimulated?

A

Environmental stimuli (inside/outside of body)

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4
Q

What is the role of the receptors?

A

Function as transducers

Covert environmental stimuli into nerve impulses

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5
Q

How are sensory AP initiated?

A

Adequate stimulus (depolarizes the receptor membrane)

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6
Q

Where do the APs go to after being initiated by the receptor potential (generator potential)?

A

Spinal cord or brainstem

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7
Q

The receptor potential is similar to which type of stimulus? Action or generator?

A

Generator because it’s not an all or nothing response to the stimulus

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8
Q

How do receptor adapt?

A

Rapidly

Slowly

Before eventually stopping

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9
Q

How do rapidly adapting receptors respond?

A

Strong response at first then RAPIDLY adapts to the stimuli

I.e putting on clothes

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10
Q

How do slow adapting receptors respond?

A

Weaker initial response but the response is maintained for as long as the stimuli is presented!

CALLED: Tonic receptor

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11
Q

How is somasensory data transmitted?

A

Peripheral nerves (cranial and spinal nerves)

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12
Q

Where does somatosensory data go?

A

To nuclei in spinal cord and brainstem

Reflexive sensory data: stays at SC or BS level

Other sensory data: go to the thalamus then to the cerebral cortex

Unconscious proprioceptive data: from muscle spindles/joint receptors to cerebellum then cortex

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13
Q

What are the 4 main ASCENDING sensory pathways?

A

Dorsal column/medial lemniscus

Anterolateral spinothalamic

Trigeminal/trigeminothalamic

Spinocerebellar

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14
Q

What does the dorsal column pathway carry?

A

General discriminatory senses (conscious proprioception

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15
Q

What does the anterolateral spinothalamic pathway carry?

A

Sensory data from body and BACK of the head

Anterior (crude touch)
Lateral (pain & temp.)

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16
Q

What information does he trigeminal sensory pathway carry?

A

Pain & temperature

Crude touch

GDS from face

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17
Q

What information does the Spinocerebellar pathway Carry?

A

Unconscious proprioception

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18
Q

Are receptors equally sensitive to all stimuli?

A

No!!

Sensory receptors detect different types of sensory stimuli

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19
Q

Each receptor is highly sensitive to specific sensations it’s designed for.

HOW do we know this( what tells us)?

A

Doctrine of specific nerve energies

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20
Q

What is the labeled line principal?

A

Explains how different nerve fibers transmit different modalities of sensation

EACH nerve terminates at a specific part in the CNS

SENSATION stimulated based on location of nerve fiber (ie optic nerve fibers to visual cortex)

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21
Q

How are receptors classified?

A

Physiological/functional (location/modality)

Type of stimulus (type of stimulus it responds to)

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22
Q

What are the 5 main sensory modalities?

A 
Crude (light) touch
Pain
Temperature
Discriminative general senses 
Unconscious proprioception
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23
Q

What are the psychological/function receptors?

A

Exteroceptors-near body surface (touch/pain/temp/smell/sound/taste/light)

Interceptors- in viscera (sense feelings of pain/fullness/cramping)

Proprioceptors- deep within walls (balance/position/movement)

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24
Q

What are the receptors classified by the type of stimulus received?

A

Mechanoreceptors-detect deformation (crude/fine touch)

Thermoreceotors- detect temperature

Nociceptors- detect pain

Electromagnetic receptors- detect light on retina

Chemoreceptors-detect chemical stimuli (taste buds/smell receptors)

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25
Q

How does sensory from back of the head enter?

A

Through dorsal root ganglia

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26
Q

How does sensory data from head/face (minus back of the head) enter?

A

CN ganglia and goes into Trigeminal system

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27
Q

What type of pathway does a somatic sensation constitute?

A

3 neuron pathway from peripheral to cortex

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28
Q

What type of nerve is the 1st order neuron for somatic sensation? Where does it go?

A

Peripheral (from receptor to SC or BS)

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29
Q

Where does the 2nd order neuron for the somatic sensation go?

A

From nucleus to thalamus

CROSSES midline to opposite side

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30
Q

Where does the 3rd order neurons for somatic sensation go?

A

From thalamus to the cerebral cortex (parietal lobe)

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31
Q

What type of pathway was unconscious proprioception have?

A

Spinocerebellar pathway

2-neuron pathway

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32
Q

Where does the 1st order neuron from the Spinocerebellar system go?

A

Receptor to SC nucleus

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33
Q

Where does the 2nd order neuron from the Spinocerebellar system go?

A

From the nucleus to the cerebellum

34
Q

Describe the dorsal column/medial lemniscus

A

Discriminative general senses
Back of the head/body

Rapidly adapting

35
Q

Dorsal column has their cell bodies for 1st order neurons where?

A

In the dorsal root ganglia

36
Q

What are the first order neurons of the dorsal column?

A

Fasciculus cuneatus (upper body/travels laterally to medulla)

Fasciculus gracilis (lower body/travels medically to medulla)

37
Q

Where do the 1st order neurons for the dorsal column meet the 2nd order neurons? What are they called after they meet?

A

At the nucleus of gracilis and cuneatus.

Cross at above point of decussation then form medial lemniscus

38
Q

Where do the 2nd order neurons the medial lemniscus go?

A

To the VPL nucleus of the thalamus

39
Q

Where do the 3rd order neurons of the medial lemniscus go?

A

To the upper 2/3 of 3-1-2 via POSTERIOR limb of internal capsule and corona radiate

40
Q

What is tactile anesthesia?

A

Loss of tactile sensibility

41
Q

What is tactile hypoesthesia?

A

Reduction in tactile sensibility but NOT completely loss

42
Q

What is tactile hyperesthesia?

A

Exaggerated tactile sensibility

43
Q

A lesion to the dorsal column call impair what?

A

Any of the discriminative general senses

TO ASSESS: 2point discriminative
Tactile object recognition
Body part position sense
Graphesthesia

44
Q

Why is the anterolateral spinothalamic sensory pathway important?

A

For light touch, pain and temperature

FROM: body and back of the head

45
Q

Which pathway has faster conduction, the anterolateral spinothalamic or dorsal column?

A

The dorsal column

46
Q

What are the two pathways of the anterolateral spinothalamic? What do they do?

A

Anterior spinothalamic- light touch

Lateral spinothalamic- pain & temperature

47
Q

Where do the lateral spinothalamic 1st order neurons receive input?

A

From pain and temp receptors

48
Q

If there is a lesion to the dorsal root/nucleus of termination on the lateral spinothalamic pathway, what happens?

A

Ipsilateral impairment in pain/temp sensation

If the lateral spinothalamic pathway has crossed, the impairment will be contralateral

49
Q

What is neuralgia?

A

Severe pain

50
Q

Name the 3 categories of altered pain response

A

Analgesia-no response
Hypoalgesia-reduced response
Hyperalgesia-increased response

51
Q

Where does anterior spinothalamic pathway receive input from?

A

Touch receptors.

Mediates light and crude touch

52
Q

What happens if there’s a lesion to the anterior spinothalamic pathway?

A

TRICK QUESTION!!

no lesion will occur because DORSAL COLUMN WILL COMPENSATE

Lesion to SC kills light touch below lesion

53
Q

What is the trigeminal system responsible for?

A

ALL general sensory modalities (DGS, pain/temp/crude touch/taste from tongue)

54
Q

Where does the trigeminal system receive its input from?

A

Anterior scalp, head & next structures

55
Q

Which CN send input to the trigeminal system?

A

CN V
CN IX
CN X

56
Q

How is GSA sent to trigeminal system from CN V?

A

All 3 branches
Maxillary
Mandibular
Ophthalmic

57
Q

How is GSA sent to trigeminal system from CN IX?

A

From tongue, soft palate, pharynx

Cell bodies in inferior petrosal

58
Q

How is GSA sent to trigeminal system from CN X?

A

From trachea, larynx, pharynx

Cell bodies in superior [ jugular] ganglion

59
Q

Which pathway of the trigeminal system is crossed? Which is uncrossed?

A

Anterior (ventral) trigeminothalamic is crossed

Posterior (dorsal) trigeminothalamic is uncrossed & crossed

60
Q

Unlike the other sensory pathways, where do the 2nd order neurons of the anterior trigeminothalamic (pain/temp/crude touch) ascent to?

A

Contralateral VPM of thalamus

61
Q

Where do the 3rd order neurons travel to?

A

The LOWER 1/3 of the 3-1-2

62
Q

What happens if there’s a lesion to the ganglion of the Trigeminal system?

A

Ipsilateral sensory loss

63
Q

The 1st order neurons synapse with spinal trigeminal nucleus for pain/temp/crude touch) T/F

A

T

64
Q

Where do the 1st order neurons of the trigeminal system (discriminative general senses) synapse with?

A

Main sensory nucleus

65
Q

where do the 2nd order neurons of the trigeminal system (discriminative general systems) ascend to?

A

Some: CROSSED anterior trigeminothalamic pathway. Contralateral VPM of thalamus

Others: posterior trigeminothalamic pathway. REPORT to: IPSILATERAL VPM nucleus

66
Q

If there is a lesion to the anterior pathway, what happens?

A

Contralateral sensory loss

67
Q

What type of lesion causes mild effects on DGS (due to bilateral/ipsilateral/contralateral/projection)?

A

Lesion to posterior pathway

68
Q

What does the Spinocerebellar pathways mediate?

A

Unconscious proprioception

69
Q

Where does the Spinocerebellar pathway get input from?

A

Muscle spindles and GTO

70
Q

What type of conduction is the Spinocerebellar pathway have?

A

Rapid

71
Q

Name the 4 pathways of the Spinocerebellar pathway.

A

Dorsal Spinocerebellar
Cuneocerebellar
Ventral Spinocerebellar
Rostral Spinocerebellar

72
Q

What does the dorsal Spinocerebellar pathway do?

A

Get input from lower half of body and limbs (keeps cerebellum informed)

73
Q

What does the cuneocerebellar tract do?

A

Get input from upper half of body and limbs.

Informs cerebellum about muscle contraction and tension in tendons

74
Q

What do the ventral Spinocerebellar system do?

A

SOME input from lower limbs

EXCITED by motor signals

75
Q

What does the rostral Spinocerebellar do?

A

SOME input from upper limbs

Excited by DESCENDING motor signals

76
Q

When do the ventral Spinocerebellar pathways inform the cerebellum?

A

When motor signals have arrive. Also informs of intensity

77
Q

Out of the 4 pathways of the Spinocerebellar pathways, which one is crossed and ipsilateral?

A

The ventral pathway.

ALL other pathways are uncrossed and ipsilateral

78
Q

Where does the Spinocerebellar pathway send input to?

A

The MESENCEPHALIC nucleus of CN V

79
Q

T/F: does the cerebellum act as a feedback mechanism?

A

True!

80
Q

T/F: do the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia coordinate motor behavior?

A

FALSE! they INITIATE the motor behavior

81
Q

What coordinates motor behavior?

A

The cerebellum

82
Q

If there is a lesion to the cerebellum, what happens?

A

Ataxia “without order”

Movements are poorly coordinated, awkward and unsteady

Neuroanatomy (19 decks)

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