Module 1: Problem Set Flashcards
- There six levels of organization of the body- what are they?
chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level.
- The necessary life function that protects our internal environment from our external environment is provided by what system?
Integumentary
- The function of movement is provided by what system?
muscular
- The function of responsiveness is provided by what system?
Nervous
- The function of digestion is provided by what system?
Digestive
- What is anabolism?
making more complex cellular structures from simpler ones
- What is catabolism?
Break down of complex cellular structures into simpler ones
- Excretion involves what systems?
digestive, respiratory and urinary
- The reproductive system is controlled by what other system?
the endocrine system
- Which tissue covers the body surface and lines the cavities of the body.
Epithelium
- Name the three steps in cellular respiration.
Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron transport system
- What is the purpose of ATP?
ATP is a very energy rich molecule the powers the cellular activities allowing cells to have the energy needed to carry out their functions.
- Epithelial cells perform what types of functions?
The cells that make up epithelial tissue are specialized for tasks such as secretion and absorption. These cells are under constant cell division to replace dead cells that shed away.
- What are the four basic tissue types?
The four basic tissue types in the human body are epithelium, muscle, connective and nervous tissue, each of which is made up of specific cell types that perform specific functions.
- Review the figures in this lecture to recognize the major body systems.
- Muscular
- Skeletal
- Respiratory
- Cardiovascular
- Nervous
- Lymphatic
- Endocrine
- Reproductive
- Urinary
- Digestive
- Integumentary
- Toward or at the body surface is known as what direction?
superficial
- Away from the body surface is what direction?
deep
- Between a more medial and more lateral structure is what orientation?
intermediate
- Toward or at the midline of the body or on the inner side of is what direction?
medial
- Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body, is what direction?
inferior
- Toward the head end or upper part of a structure (above) is what direction?
superior
- Toward or at the front of the body is what direction?
ventral (anterior)
- Is the knee proximal or distal to the pelvis?
distal
- Is the elbow proximal or distal to the hand?
proximal
- Toward or at the back of the body is what direction?
Dorsal (posterior)
- Closing of a joint is which action?
Flexion
- Opening of a joint is which action?
Extension
- In anatomical position are the hands in pronation or supination?
Supination
- Why, when in the anatomical position, are the the hands positioned the way they are?
Because the bones of the forearm (radius/ulna) are uncrossed in the supinated position
- Define elevation and depression:
Elevation- upward movement of a structure
Depression- downward movement of a structure
- Define retraction and protraction:
Protraction- movement in the anterior direction
Retraction- movement in the posterior direction
- Look at the figure below of the right elbow. What is the demonstrated action (in the direction of the arrow)?
Elbow Extension
- Look at the figure below of the right hand. A person standing in anatomical position moves their right wrist laterally towards the radius. What is this action called (towards label A)?
Radial Deviation
- This body division includes the head neck and trunk?
Axial division
- This is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
Sagittal
- These planes lie vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts
Frontal
- A transverse plane divides the body into these two parts:
Superior and Inferior
- These cuts/sections are made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes.
Oblique
- This body cavity protects the nervous system.
Dorsal body cavity
- This body cavity encases the brain.
Cranial
- This cavity encloses the spinal cord.
Spinal
- The frontal plane is also known as the plane.
Coronal
- The ventral body cavity is divided into these two cavities:
Thoracic and abdominopelvic
- This cavity encloses the heart:
pericardial
- The outer surfaces of the organs and body cavities are covered by this double layered membrane called the
Serosa
- What is pleurisy?
Inflammation of the pleurae.
- The abdominopelvic region is divided into what four quadrants?
Right upper, Left upper, Right lower and Left lower.
- This region surrounds the naval
Umbilical
- This region houses the pelvis.
Iliac
- This cavity houses the teeth and tongue.
Oral
- This cavity houses the eyes.
Orbital
- Joints are lined with what?
Synovial fluid
- This cavity contains the tiny ear bones, name them.
Middle ear: malleus, incus, stapes
- Explain why active metabolizing cells need to be relatively small.
Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster. Metabolic processes such as transportation of wastes across the membrane and diffusion can all occur at a faster rate.
- Explain the three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
1) Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells. Most are between 1-10 μm (micrometers) in size (about 1/30,000 of an inch); therefore, they are just visible with the light microscope. 2) The DNA of a prokaryotic cell is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane (prokaryotic means “before the nucleus”). 3) Prokaryotic cells do not contain many of the internal membrane-bounded organelles of eukaryotic cells.
- Explain the function of each of the following in the cell:
a. nucleus
b. ribosomes
c. smooth ER
d. rough ER
e. RNA
f. endospore
g. Golgi complex
h. lysosome
i. mitochondria
j. plasma membrane
k. microtubules and microfilaments
l. extracellular matrix
56.
Nucleus - contains DNA and serves as the control center of the cell.
Ribosomes - tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins.
Smooth ER -synthesizes lipids.
Rough ER - modifies and transports proteins derived from the ribosomes that are found along its surface.
RNA - take the coded amino acid sequence from nucleus to ribosome for protein synthesis.
Endospore -dormant, extremely durable cell produced by the bacteria clostridium botulinum which can lead to botulism.
Golgi complex - responsible for receiving lipids and proteins synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum, altering their structures and shipping them to other parts of the cell.
Lysosome - possess digestive enzymes which break down biomacromolecules.
Mitochondria - convert the chemical energy found in food into ATP.
Plasma membrane - contains specialized “pumps” and “gates” that regulate the passage of materials into and out of the cell. In prokaryotic cells the membrane folds inward to provide a place for reactions to take place.
Microtubules are hollow and anchored to the MTOC;
Microfilaments are solid and create movement.
Extracellular Matrix contains collagen fibers, found in human/animal cells.
- Describe aerobic respiration and the purpose of ATP production.
Eukaryotic cells require mitochondria to convert the chemical energy found in food (glucose) into ATP. This process is called aerobic respiration. During cellular respiration oxygen is required to break down food. Carbon dioxide, water and ATP are produced.
- Explain what happens in Tay-Sachs disease.
One of the normally present digestive enzymes inside lysosomes is lacking. Thus, a toxic lipid in the brain cells cannot be broken down. The resulting buildup of lipids in these cells can cause intellectual disability and death.
- Label all structures inside a cell (See figure in module)
- A phospholipid molecule, which is the major constituent of membranes, is said to be amphipathic because it contains polar and non-polar groups in the same molecule. On a scrap sheet of paper, draw the diagram normally used to illustrate an amphipathic phospholipid and name the functional group that makes up each part of the molecule. Compare your drawing to the answer key.
- Define the following terms:
a. eukaryotic cells/prokaryotic cells
b. membranes
c. diffusion
d. active transport
e. endocytosis
f. proteins
g. isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic
h. cholesterol
a. eukaryotic cells/prokaryotic cells - recognize the three main differences between them (size, organelles and membranes).
b. membranes - know their detailed structure (including hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of proteins, phospholipids and cholesterol). Understand the importance of membranes in being able to separate or confine molecules. Know what is “fluid” about a membrane.
c. diffusion - know the difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion and know which molecules use each type and why.
d. active transport - know how this process relates to the concentration gradient and that it requires additional energy.
e. endocytosis – understand the three types of endocytosis (also in the figure). Know how to describe which types of molecules use this method.
f. proteins - know how proteins are used in diffusion, active transport, and the extracellular matrix.
g. isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic-know the difference in these terms and how a cell would react in different solutions (see examples in text). Remember that these terms refer to the amount of solute in an aqueous solution. Water moves into an area of high solute concentration.
h. cholesterol- describe how it helps to stabilize the cell membrane.
- Be able to label a diagram of the cell membrane.
- Be able to label a diagram of the cell membrane.
