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Anatomy 1 > 3.3: Anatomy of the Stomach, Intestines, and Accessory Organs > Flashcards

3.3: Anatomy of the Stomach, Intestines, and Accessory Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles contract to move the bolus through the pharynx to the esophagus and into the stomach by ______.

A

peristalsis

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2
Q

The ______ is a backward C-shaped organ located along the left side of the abdomen below the diaphragm

A

stomach

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3
Q

Food enters the stomach from the esophagus via the ___1___, also known as the ___2___ or the ___3___.

A
  1. cardiac sphincter
  2. lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
  3. gastroesophageal sphincter
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4
Q

Food exits the stomach via the ___1___ into the ___2___.

A
  1. pyloric sphincter
  2. small intestine
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5
Q

How many curvatures does the stomach have? What are they?

A

-the concave lesser curvature, which extends inward on the shorter side of the stomach
-the convex greater curvature, which extends outward on the longer side of the stomach.

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6
Q

The concave ______ curvature, extends inward on the shorter side of the stomach

A

lesser

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7
Q

The convex ______ curvature, extends outward on the longer side of the stomach.

A

greater

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8
Q
A

Anterior view of the stomach (blue) in context. Note, the stomach is inferior to the diaphragm.

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9
Q

The stomach is covered by ___1___ (a serous membrane), called the ___2___ and the ___3___.

A
  1. peritoneum
  2. lesser omentum
  3. greater omentum
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10
Q

The ___1___ omentum attaches the lesser curvature of the stomach to the ___2___.

A
  1. lesser
  2. liver
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11
Q

The ___1___ omentum hangs down almost like an apron, and it attaches the greater curvature of the stomach to the ___2___, covering the ___3___ and anterior surface of the ___4___.

A
  1. greater
  2. posterior wall of the abdomen
  3. transverse colon
  4. small intestines
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12
Q
A

The greater omentum (blue) attaches from the greater curvature of the stomach to the posterior wall of the abdomen.

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13
Q

The stomach is made up of how many parts? What are they?

A

-Cardia
-Fundus
-Body
-Pyloric Region

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14
Q

The first part of the Stomach is the ______ where the food enters from the esophagus.

A

cardia

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15
Q

The Second part of the Stomach is the ______, which is dome-shaped top of the stomach just under the diaphragm.

A

fundus

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16
Q

The Third part of the Stomach is the ______, which is the wider midportion located between the fundus and the fourth part.

A

body

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17
Q

The Fourth part of the Stomach is the ______ which is the funnel-shaped.

A

pyloric region

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18
Q
A

The four stomach regions: cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus

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19
Q

True or False: The stomach has four purposes.

A

False. The stomach has two purposes.

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20
Q

What is the first purpose of the stomach?

A

It’s a temporary storage area for food.

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21
Q

Usually, the stomach stores up to ______ of partially digested food.

A

two liters

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22
Q

The stomach wall contains ______.

A

rugae

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23
Q

______are folds within the stomach wall, which allows the stomach to expand when it is full

A

Rugae

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24
Q

What is Rugae?

A

Folds within the stomach wall, which allows the stomach to expand when it is full.

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25
Q

What does storing of food in the stomach enable humans to do?

A

This storage system enables humans to periodically eat relatively large meals and spend the rest of their time at other activities.

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26
Q

The muscular walls of the stomach do what?

A

They contract vigorously and mix food with juices that are secreted whenever food enters the stomach, allowing for the second purpose.

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27
Q

What is the Second purpose of the stomach?

A

mechanical food breakdown

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28
Q

The stomach has a unique third layer in the muscularis externa, an ______.

A

oblique layer.

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29
Q

What does the extra muscular layer in the stomach allow for?

A

The extra muscular layer allows the stomach to mix food more efficiently with the gastric juices.

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30
Q

True or False: Breaking food down into smaller pieces is necessary for digestion and later absorption of nutrients.

A

True.

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31
Q
A

Internal view of the stomach muscular layers: longitudinal, circular, and oblique.

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32
Q

A thick layer of ___1___ protects the wall of the stomach and the first part of the ___2___.

A
  1. mucus
  2. duodenum
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33
Q

What happens when gastric juice does penetrate the mucus?

A

In a circumstance where gastric juice does penetrate the mucus, pepsin starts to digest the stomach or duodenal lining and an ulcer results.

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34
Q

What is a Stomach ulcer?

A

An ulcer is an open sore in the wall caused by the gradual disintegration of tissues.

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35
Q

A bacterial infection from ______ causes duodenal ulcers by eating away at the mucosal lining.

A

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)

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36
Q

True or False: Ulcers also occur from the overuse of drugs, such as NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and aspirin.

A

True

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37
Q

NSAIDs damage the ______.

A

mucosal lining of the stomach

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38
Q

What does NSAID stand for?

A

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

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39
Q

The stomach contents are called ______, which is a thick, soupy consistency.

A

chyme

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40
Q

At the base of the stomach is a narrow opening controlled by a valve called the ______.

A

pyloric sphincter

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41
Q

Relaxation of the sphincter causes a small quantity of chyme to pass through the opening into the ___1___, which is the ___2___.

A
  1. duodenum
  2. first part of the small intestine
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42
Q

The human small intestine is a coiled tube approximately ___1___ long that runs from the ___2___ to the ___3___.

A
  1. 20 feet
  2. pyloric sphincter
  3. ileocecal valve (controls the entrance to the large intestine)
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43
Q

What does the ileocecal valve control?

A

controls the entrance to the large intestine

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44
Q

True or False: The small intestine is the second longest part of the gastrointestinal tract.

A

False. The small intestine is the longest part of the gastrointestinal tract.

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45
Q

How many sections does the small intestines have? What are they?

A

-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum

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46
Q

The first section of the small intestines is the ______.

A

duodenum, which is the shortest section of the small intestine

47
Q

The small intestine produces enzymes itself, but more importantly the duodenum is where enzymes from the ___1___ and bile from the ___2___ enter the small intestine.

A
  1. pancreas
  2. liver
48
Q

The small intestine produces enzymes itself, but more importantly the duodenum is where ___1___ from the pancreas and ___2___ from the liver enter the small intestine.

A
  1. Enzymes
  2. bile
49
Q

The ___1___ is the second section, and the ___2___ is the third section of the small intestines.

A
  1. jejunum
  2. ileum
50
Q

Which is longer the Jejunum or the Ileum?

A

The ileum is slightly longer than the jejunum.

51
Q
A

The first region of the small intestine is called the duodenum (blue).

52
Q
A

The second region of the small intestine is called the jejunum (blue).

53
Q
A

The third, and longest, region of the small intestine is called the ileum (blue).

54
Q

Absorption of food by the small intestine is increased by how many structures in its wall? What are they?

A

-Circular Folds
-Villi
-Microvilli

55
Q

The surface area of the wall’s mucous membrane is greatly increased by ___1___, which have small, finger-like projections called ___2___ on which are many smaller projections called ___3___.

A
  1. circular folds
  2. villi
  3. microvilli
56
Q

The circular folds, villi, and microvilli of the smaller intestines increase the surface area of the roughly 20-foot length of the small intestine to about ______ for greatly increased absorption of nutrients.

A

1800 square feet

57
Q

When chyme enters the duodenum, ___1___ and ___2___ are only partially digested, and ___3___ digestion still needs to be carried out.

A
  1. proteins
  2. carbohydrates
  3. fat
58
Q

The small intestine is specialized for ______.

A

absorption

59
Q

Molecules are absorbed by the huge number of ______that line the intestinal wall.

A

villi (singular, villus)

60
Q

Each villus contains blood vessels and a lymphatic vessel called a ______.

A

lacteal

61
Q

______ enter villi cells, and then are absorbed through the capillary beds present inside the villi.

A

Sugars and amino acids

62
Q

The nutrients absorbed by the villus are carried into the ______ before entering general blood circulation.

A

hepatic portal circulation (of the liver)

63
Q

Molecules that are too large to enter blood capillaries, such as ___1___, are transported into ___2___.

A
  1. glycerol and fatty acids
  2. lacteals
64
Q

The epithelial cells of the villi produce intestinal enzymes, which ______.

A

remain attached to the plasma membrane of microvilli

65
Q
A

Sketch of lining of the small intestine. This shows the lacteal vessel (yellow) with the vessels (artery in red, vein in blue) for nutrient absorption. Goblet cells produce mucous to protect the intestinal lining as chyme moves through the GI tract.

66
Q
A

Internal view of a villus inside in the small intestine. Note the lacteal vessel present inside the villus (green) where fat molecules are absorbed.

67
Q

The large intestine extends from the ___1___ to the ___2___.

A
  1. ileocecal valve
  2. anus
68
Q

Muscular contractions move the food contents (___1___) through the large intestine (___2___) to be excreted as ___3___.

A
  1. chyme
  2. colon
  3. feces
69
Q

The large intestine has how many parts? What are they?

A
  1. cecum
  2. appendix
  3. ascending colon
  4. transverse colon
  5. descending colon
  6. sigmoid colon
  7. rectum
  8. anal canal
70
Q

The ______ is the entrance to the large intestine through the ileocecal valve.

A

cecum

71
Q

The second part of the Large Intestines is the ______, which hangs from the cecum and is usually twisted.

A

appendix

72
Q

______ occurs when bacteria accumulates and causes inflammation of the appendix.

A

Appendicitis

73
Q

The third part of the large intestine is the ______, which runs along the right side of the abdomen superiorly.

A

ascending colon

74
Q

The______ connects the ascending colon to the transverse colon.

A

right colic (hepatic) flexure

75
Q

The fourth part of large intestine is the ______ which runs across the abdomen.

A

transverse colon

76
Q

The ______ connects the transverse colon to the descending colon.

A

left colic (splenic) flexure

77
Q

The fifth part of Large Intestine is the ______ which runs along the left side of the abdomen superiorly to the sigmoid colon.

A

descending colon

78
Q

The sixth part of the large intestine is the ______, which travels through the pelvis connecting with the rectum.

A

sigmoid colon

79
Q

The ___1___ connects to the ___2___ where feces are expelled through the ___3___, the end of the gastrointestinal tract.

A
  1. rectum
  2. anal canal
  3. anus
80
Q
A

Anterior view of the regions and major landmarks of the large intestine

81
Q

The anal canal has an involuntary smooth muscle, ___1___ and a voluntary skeletal muscle ___2___.

A
  1. internal sphincter
  2. external sphincter
82
Q

What are the names of the sphincters that open and close the anus during defecation to discharge solid waste material called feces?

A

The involuntary smooth muscle internal anal sphincter
and
The voluntary skeletal muscle external anal sphincter

83
Q
A

Posterior view of the internal anal sphincter (blue) and the external anal sphincter, which control waste through the anal canal

84
Q

The large intestine’s major function is to ______.

A

propel wastes from the body.

85
Q

The large intestine also reabsorbs what?

A

Some water and electrolytes

86
Q

About ___1___ of water enter the digestive tract daily because of eating and drinking, and an additional ___2___ enter the digestive tract each day carrying the various substances secreted by the digestive glands.

A
  1. 1.5 liters
  2. 8.5 liters
87
Q

About ___1___ of water is absorbed by the small intestine, and much of the remaining portion is absorbed into cells in the wall of the ___2___.

A
  1. 95%
  2. colon
88
Q

What causes diarrhea?

A

When materials pass through the colon too quickly, excess water is not reabsorbed, and diarrhea will result.

89
Q

Extreme or prolonged diarrhea can lead to what?

A

serious dehydration and electrolyte loss

90
Q

Vitamin ___1___ and certain ___2___, all produced by intestinal bacteria, are also absorbed by the cells in the wall of the colon.

A
  1. Vitamin K
  2. B Vitamins
91
Q

The last ___1___ cm of the large intestine is the ___2___, which terminates in an external opening, the ___3___.

A
  1. 20
  2. rectum
  3. anus
92
Q

Feces are about 1% water and 2% solid matter.

A
  1. 75%
  2. 25%
93
Q

Almost ______ of feces solid matter is made up of intestinal bacteria.

A

one-third

94
Q

The remaining two thirds of feces is composed of what?

A

undigested plant material
fats
waste products (such as bile pigments)
inorganic material
mucus
dead cells from the intestinal lining

95
Q
A

The major functions of the large intestine work to reabsorb any remaining water and to propel waste.

96
Q

What are the three important accessory glands? What do they do?

A

-Liver
-Pancreas
-Gallbladder

They send secretions to the duodenum (the first section of the small intestine).

97
Q

The ___1___ lies deep in the abdominal wall. The ___1___ sends ___2___ into the duodenum by way of the ___3___.

A
  1. pancreas
  2. pancreatic juice
  3. pancreatic duct
98
Q

Pancreatic juice contains ______, which neutralizes the chyme and makes the pH of the small intestine ___2___.

A
  1. sodium bicarbonate
  2. slightly basic
99
Q

True or False: Pancreatic juice also contains digestive enzymes that act on a limited amount of minor components of food.

A

False. Pancreatic juice also contains digestive enzymes that act on EVERY MAJOR component of food.

100
Q

Pancreatic ___1___ digests starch to ___2___; ___3___ digest protein to ___4___; and ___5___ digests fat droplets to ___6___.

A
  1. amylase
  2. maltose
  3. trypsin and other enzymes
  4. peptides
  5. lipase
  6. glycerol and fatty acids
101
Q

The enzymes travel by way of the ___1___ to the ___2___ into the ___3___ of the small intestine.

A
  1. pancreatic duct
  2. hepatopancreatic ampulla
  3. duodenum
102
Q

How many functions does the liver have that are important in digestion? What are they?

A
  1. produces bile
  2. stores glucose as glycogen
  3. produces urea
103
Q

What color is Bile? Why is it that color?

A

Bile looks green because it contains pigments that are products of hemoglobin breakdown.

104
Q

______ is stored in the gallbladder before entering the small intestine, where it emulsifies fats.

A

Bile

105
Q

Bile is stored in the ___1___ before entering the small intestine, where it ___2___.

A
  1. gallbladder
  2. emulsifies fats
106
Q

Bile is sent to the duodenum by way of the ______.

A

common bile duct

107
Q

Bile also contains ______, which are emulsifying agents that break up fat into fat droplets so that they mix with water.

A

bile salts

108
Q

Bile Salts are ______.

A

emulsifying agents that break up fat into fat droplets so that they mix with water.

109
Q

Why does Bile salts emulsify fats?

A

Emulsified fat is more easily acted on by enzymes.

110
Q

The liver breaks down glycogen to glucose between meals to ______.

A

maintain a constant glucose concentration (homeostasis) in the blood.

111
Q

The liver produces urea from ______.

A

amino groups that are removed from excess amino acids

112
Q
A

The accessory organs (liver, pancreas, and gall bladder) and associated ducts. The ducts allow the secretions from the gallbladder and pancreas to enter the duodenum. Together the ducts enter at the hepatopancreatic ampulla.

113
Q

What does Hepatic mean?

A

Liver

114
Q
A

Anatomy 1 (22 decks)

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