3.3: Anatomy of the Stomach, Intestines, and Accessory Organs Flashcards
1
Q
Muscles contract to move the bolus through the pharynx to the esophagus and into the stomach by ______.
A
peristalsis
2
Q
The ______ is a backward C-shaped organ located along the left side of the abdomen below the diaphragm
A
stomach
3
Q
Food enters the stomach from the esophagus via the ___1___, also known as the ___2___ or the ___3___.
A
- cardiac sphincter
- lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
- gastroesophageal sphincter
4
Q
Food exits the stomach via the ___1___ into the ___2___.
A
- pyloric sphincter
- small intestine
5
Q
How many curvatures does the stomach have? What are they?
A
-the concave lesser curvature, which extends inward on the shorter side of the stomach
-the convex greater curvature, which extends outward on the longer side of the stomach.
6
Q
The concave ______ curvature, extends inward on the shorter side of the stomach
A
lesser
7
Q
The convex ______ curvature, extends outward on the longer side of the stomach.
A
greater
8
Q
A
Anterior view of the stomach (blue) in context. Note, the stomach is inferior to the diaphragm.
9
Q
The stomach is covered by ___1___ (a serous membrane), called the ___2___ and the ___3___.
A
- peritoneum
- lesser omentum
- greater omentum
10
Q
The ___1___ omentum attaches the lesser curvature of the stomach to the ___2___.
A
- lesser
- liver
11
Q
The ___1___ omentum hangs down almost like an apron, and it attaches the greater curvature of the stomach to the ___2___, covering the ___3___ and anterior surface of the ___4___.
A
- greater
- posterior wall of the abdomen
- transverse colon
- small intestines
12
Q
A
The greater omentum (blue) attaches from the greater curvature of the stomach to the posterior wall of the abdomen.
13
Q
The stomach is made up of how many parts? What are they?
A
-Cardia
-Fundus
-Body
-Pyloric Region
14
Q
The first part of the Stomach is the ______ where the food enters from the esophagus.
A
cardia
15
Q
The Second part of the Stomach is the ______, which is dome-shaped top of the stomach just under the diaphragm.
A
fundus
16
Q
The Third part of the Stomach is the ______, which is the wider midportion located between the fundus and the fourth part.
A
body
17
Q
The Fourth part of the Stomach is the ______ which is the funnel-shaped.
A
pyloric region
18
Q
A
The four stomach regions: cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus
19
Q
True or False: The stomach has four purposes.
A
False. The stomach has two purposes.
20
Q
What is the first purpose of the stomach?
A
It’s a temporary storage area for food.
21
Q
Usually, the stomach stores up to ______ of partially digested food.
A
two liters
22
Q
The stomach wall contains ______.
A
rugae
23
Q
______are folds within the stomach wall, which allows the stomach to expand when it is full
A
Rugae
24
Q
What is Rugae?
A
Folds within the stomach wall, which allows the stomach to expand when it is full.
25
What does storing of food in the stomach enable humans to do?
This storage system enables humans to periodically eat relatively large meals and spend the rest of their time at other activities.
26
The muscular walls of the stomach do what?
They contract vigorously and mix food with juices that are secreted whenever food enters the stomach, allowing for the second purpose.
27
What is the Second purpose of the stomach?
mechanical food breakdown
28
The stomach has a unique third layer in the muscularis externa, an ______.
oblique layer.
29
What does the extra muscular layer in the stomach allow for?
The extra muscular layer allows the stomach to mix food more efficiently with the gastric juices.
30
True or False: Breaking food down into smaller pieces is necessary for digestion and later absorption of nutrients.
True.
31
Internal view of the stomach muscular layers: longitudinal, circular, and oblique.
32
A thick layer of ___1___ protects the wall of the stomach and the first part of the ___2___.
1. mucus
2. duodenum
33
What happens when gastric juice does penetrate the mucus?
In a circumstance where gastric juice does penetrate the mucus, pepsin starts to digest the stomach or duodenal lining and an ulcer results.
34
What is a Stomach ulcer?
An ulcer is an open sore in the wall caused by the gradual disintegration of tissues.
35
A bacterial infection from ______ causes duodenal ulcers by eating away at the mucosal lining.
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)
36
True or False: Ulcers also occur from the overuse of drugs, such as NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and aspirin.
True
37
NSAIDs damage the ______.
mucosal lining of the stomach
38
What does NSAID stand for?
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
39
The stomach contents are called ______, which is a thick, soupy consistency.
chyme
40
At the base of the stomach is a narrow opening controlled by a valve called the ______.
pyloric sphincter
41
Relaxation of the sphincter causes a small quantity of chyme to pass through the opening into the ___1___, which is the ___2___.
1. duodenum
2. first part of the small intestine
42
The human small intestine is a coiled tube approximately ___1___ long that runs from the ___2___ to the ___3___.
1. 20 feet
2. pyloric sphincter
3. ileocecal valve (controls the entrance to the large intestine)
43
What does the ileocecal valve control?
controls the entrance to the large intestine
44
True or False: The small intestine is the second longest part of the gastrointestinal tract.
False. The small intestine is the longest part of the gastrointestinal tract.
45
How many sections does the small intestines have? What are they?
-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum
46
The first section of the small intestines is the ______.
duodenum, which is the shortest section of the small intestine
47
The small intestine produces enzymes itself, but more importantly the duodenum is where enzymes from the ___1___ and bile from the ___2___ enter the small intestine.
1. pancreas
2. liver
48
The small intestine produces enzymes itself, but more importantly the duodenum is where ___1___ from the pancreas and ___2___ from the liver enter the small intestine.
1. Enzymes
2. bile
49
The ___1___ is the second section, and the ___2___ is the third section of the small intestines.
1. jejunum
2. ileum
50
Which is longer the Jejunum or the Ileum?
The ileum is slightly longer than the jejunum.
51
The first region of the small intestine is called the duodenum (blue).
52
The second region of the small intestine is called the jejunum (blue).
53
The third, and longest, region of the small intestine is called the ileum (blue).
54
Absorption of food by the small intestine is increased by how many structures in its wall? What are they?
-Circular Folds
-Villi
-Microvilli
55
The surface area of the wall's mucous membrane is greatly increased by ___1___, which have small, finger-like projections called ___2___ on which are many smaller projections called ___3___.
1. circular folds
2. villi
3. microvilli
56
The circular folds, villi, and microvilli of the smaller intestines increase the surface area of the roughly 20-foot length of the small intestine to about ______ for greatly increased absorption of nutrients.
1800 square feet
57
When chyme enters the duodenum, ___1___ and ___2___ are only partially digested, and ___3___ digestion still needs to be carried out.
1. proteins
2. carbohydrates
3. fat
58
The small intestine is specialized for ______.
absorption
59
Molecules are absorbed by the huge number of ______that line the intestinal wall.
villi (singular, villus)
60
Each villus contains blood vessels and a lymphatic vessel called a ______.
lacteal
61
______ enter villi cells, and then are absorbed through the capillary beds present inside the villi.
Sugars and amino acids
62
The nutrients absorbed by the villus are carried into the ______ before entering general blood circulation.
hepatic portal circulation (of the liver)
63
Molecules that are too large to enter blood capillaries, such as ___1___, are transported into ___2___.
1. glycerol and fatty acids
2. lacteals
64
The epithelial cells of the villi produce intestinal enzymes, which ______.
remain attached to the plasma membrane of microvilli
65
Sketch of lining of the small intestine. This shows the lacteal vessel (yellow) with the vessels (artery in red, vein in blue) for nutrient absorption. Goblet cells produce mucous to protect the intestinal lining as chyme moves through the GI tract.
66
Internal view of a villus inside in the small intestine. Note the lacteal vessel present inside the villus (green) where fat molecules are absorbed.
67
The large intestine extends from the ___1___ to the ___2___.
1. ileocecal valve
2. anus
68
Muscular contractions move the food contents (___1___) through the large intestine (___2___) to be excreted as ___3___.
1. chyme
2. colon
3. feces
69
The large intestine has how many parts? What are they?
1. cecum
2. appendix
3. ascending colon
4. transverse colon
5. descending colon
6. sigmoid colon
7. rectum
8. anal canal
70
The ______ is the entrance to the large intestine through the ileocecal valve.
cecum
71
The second part of the Large Intestines is the ______, which hangs from the cecum and is usually twisted.
appendix
72
______ occurs when bacteria accumulates and causes inflammation of the appendix.
Appendicitis
73
The third part of the large intestine is the ______, which runs along the right side of the abdomen superiorly.
ascending colon
74
The______ connects the ascending colon to the transverse colon.
right colic (hepatic) flexure
75
The fourth part of large intestine is the ______ which runs across the abdomen.
transverse colon
76
The ______ connects the transverse colon to the descending colon.
left colic (splenic) flexure
77
The fifth part of Large Intestine is the ______ which runs along the left side of the abdomen superiorly to the sigmoid colon.
descending colon
78
The sixth part of the large intestine is the ______, which travels through the pelvis connecting with the rectum.
sigmoid colon
79
The ___1___ connects to the ___2___ where feces are expelled through the ___3___, the end of the gastrointestinal tract.
1. rectum
2. anal canal
3. anus
80
Anterior view of the regions and major landmarks of the large intestine
81
The anal canal has an involuntary smooth muscle, ___1___ and a voluntary skeletal muscle ___2___.
1. internal sphincter
2. external sphincter
82
What are the names of the sphincters that open and close the anus during defecation to discharge solid waste material called feces?
The involuntary smooth muscle internal anal sphincter
and
The voluntary skeletal muscle external anal sphincter
83
Posterior view of the internal anal sphincter (blue) and the external anal sphincter, which control waste through the anal canal
84
The large intestine’s major function is to ______.
propel wastes from the body.
85
The large intestine also reabsorbs what?
Some water and electrolytes
86
About ___1___ of water enter the digestive tract daily because of eating and drinking, and an additional ___2___ enter the digestive tract each day carrying the various substances secreted by the digestive glands.
1. 1.5 liters
2. 8.5 liters
87
About ___1___ of water is absorbed by the small intestine, and much of the remaining portion is absorbed into cells in the wall of the ___2___.
1. 95%
2. colon
88
What causes diarrhea?
When materials pass through the colon too quickly, excess water is not reabsorbed, and diarrhea will result.
89
Extreme or prolonged diarrhea can lead to what?
serious dehydration and electrolyte loss
90
Vitamin ___1___ and certain ___2___, all produced by intestinal bacteria, are also absorbed by the cells in the wall of the colon.
1. Vitamin K
2. B Vitamins
91
The last ___1___ cm of the large intestine is the ___2___, which terminates in an external opening, the ___3___.
1. 20
2. rectum
3. anus
92
Feces are about _1_% water and _2_% solid matter.
1. 75%
2. 25%
93
Almost ______ of feces solid matter is made up of intestinal bacteria.
one-third
94
The remaining two thirds of feces is composed of what?
undigested plant material
fats
waste products (such as bile pigments)
inorganic material
mucus
dead cells from the intestinal lining
95
The major functions of the large intestine work to reabsorb any remaining water and to propel waste.
96
What are the three important accessory glands? What do they do?
-Liver
-Pancreas
-Gallbladder
They send secretions to the duodenum (the first section of the small intestine).
97
The ___1___ lies deep in the abdominal wall. The ___1___ sends ___2___ into the duodenum by way of the ___3___.
1. pancreas
2. pancreatic juice
3. pancreatic duct
98
Pancreatic juice contains ______, which neutralizes the chyme and makes the pH of the small intestine ___2___.
1. sodium bicarbonate
2. slightly basic
99
True or False: Pancreatic juice also contains digestive enzymes that act on a limited amount of minor components of food.
False. Pancreatic juice also contains digestive enzymes that act on EVERY MAJOR component of food.
100
Pancreatic ___1___ digests starch to ___2___; ___3___ digest protein to ___4___; and ___5___ digests fat droplets to ___6___.
1. amylase
2. maltose
3. trypsin and other enzymes
4. peptides
5. lipase
6. glycerol and fatty acids
101
The enzymes travel by way of the ___1___ to the ___2___ into the ___3___ of the small intestine.
1. pancreatic duct
2. hepatopancreatic ampulla
3. duodenum
102
How many functions does the liver have that are important in digestion? What are they?
1. produces bile
2. stores glucose as glycogen
3. produces urea
103
What color is Bile? Why is it that color?
Bile looks green because it contains pigments that are products of hemoglobin breakdown.
104
______ is stored in the gallbladder before entering the small intestine, where it emulsifies fats.
Bile
105
Bile is stored in the ___1___ before entering the small intestine, where it ___2___.
1. gallbladder
2. emulsifies fats
106
Bile is sent to the duodenum by way of the ______.
common bile duct
107
Bile also contains ______, which are emulsifying agents that break up fat into fat droplets so that they mix with water.
bile salts
108
Bile Salts are ______.
emulsifying agents that break up fat into fat droplets so that they mix with water.
109
Why does Bile salts emulsify fats?
Emulsified fat is more easily acted on by enzymes.
110
The liver breaks down glycogen to glucose between meals to ______.
maintain a constant glucose concentration (homeostasis) in the blood.
111
The liver produces urea from ______.
amino groups that are removed from excess amino acids
112
The accessory organs (liver, pancreas, and gall bladder) and associated ducts. The ducts allow the secretions from the gallbladder and pancreas to enter the duodenum. Together the ducts enter at the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
113
What does Hepatic mean?
Liver
114
